1- Science and Arts university
Abstract: (25 Views)
Background & Objective: Stuttering is a speech disorder that manifests with a range of cognitive-emotional responses as well as diffluent speech and non-speech behaviors that are heterogeneous in nature. However, the relationships between stuttering and various behavioral, cognitive, and emotional manifestations persist throughout the life of the stutterer. Stuttering, which is a disorder of speech production, can have a profound impact on a person's ability to communicate. Overall, quality of life can be affected by stuttering. For many, educational and occupational potential is limited. Many people who stutter will also experience a variety of mental health conditions, with social anxiety disorder being the most common. Identifying more of the factors that influence how a person regulates emotion is relevant to the study and treatment of stuttering. People who stutter often experience heightened emotional responses, such as fear, shame, anger, guilt, worry, etc. These emotional experiences are individual to each speaker. They develop over time as people cope with stuttering throughout their lives. A better understanding of how the use of specific emotion regulation strategies is related to the development of these negative emotions may lead to more effective treatment of stuttering by further explaining the reasons why an individual develops his or her individual phenotype of stuttering. Stuttering can cause many psychological problems for adolescents and severely limit them in terms of communication, social and occupational functioning. Today, despite various stresses, neuropsychological problems such as stuttering in adolescents have increased significantly. Since this disorder is very resistant to treatment and various treatment methods have not been very successful in treating stuttering, and since no research has yet examined the effectiveness of transcranial direct electrical stimulation of the brain on emotion regulation and stuttering severity in adolescents with stuttering, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on emotion regulation in adolescents with stuttering.
Methods: The method of this study was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Among the adolescents with stuttering who referred to psychology and rehabilitation clinics in Yazd city, 30 eligible volunteers between the ages of 12 and 18 were selected and entered into the study. Then, through random assignment, fifteen people were placed in the intervention group and fifteen people in the control group. The scores of the emotion regulation variable were compared using the emotion regulation questionnaire (Granovsky et al., 2001) at two time points before and after treatment. Data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance test in SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the mean scores of emotion regulation variables in adolescents with stuttering in the intervention group and after receiving treatment decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.001). Based on the results of the effect size, 61% of the difference between the intervention group and the control group in the emotion regulation variable was due to electrical brain stimulation.
Conclusion: Both explicit and implicit emotion regulation strongly engage the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Explicit emotion regulation largely employs the lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, implicit emotion regulation is more involved in the medial prefrontal cortex. Emotion regulation pursues two distinct regulatory goals, down regulation (reducing emotions) and up regulation (increasing emotions). These two goals are also associated with distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex: downregulation is more associated with activity in the right prefrontal cortex, while upregulation is more associated with activity in the left prefrontal cortex. Transcranial direct electrical stimulation of the anodal brain over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex combined with transcranial direct electrical stimulation of the cathodal brain over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves emotion regulation. Suppression of activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by cathodal stimulation appears to result in activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a key region in emotion control. Furthermore, transcranial direct current stimulation of the anodal brain over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can improve emotion regulation in individuals, which plays an important role in the cognitive processes of emotion regulation. The results of the present study showed that 10 sessions of 20-minute transcranial direct current stimulation program in the left anode and right cathode dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area leads to improved emotion regulation in adolescents with stuttering, and transcranial direct curent stimulation of the brain can be used as a complementary treatment along with other therapeutic methods to treat psychological problems in adolescents with stuttering.
Methods: The method of this study was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Among the adolescents with stuttering who referred to psychology and rehabilitation clinics in Yazd city, 30 eligible volunteers between the ages of 12 and 18 were selected and entered into the study. Then, through random assignment, fifteen people were placed in the intervention group and fifteen people in the control group. The scores of the emotion regulation variable were compared using the emotion regulation questionnaire (Granovsky et al., 2001) at two time points before and after treatment. Data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance test in SPSS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the mean scores of emotion regulation variables in adolescents with stuttering in the intervention group and after receiving treatment decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.001). Based on the results of the effect size, 61% of the difference between the intervention group and the control group in the emotion regulation variable was due to electrical brain stimulation.
Conclusion: Both explicit and implicit emotion regulation strongly engage the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Explicit emotion regulation largely employs the lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, implicit emotion regulation is more involved in the medial prefrontal cortex. Emotion regulation pursues two distinct regulatory goals, down regulation (reducing emotions) and up regulation (increasing emotions). These two goals are also associated with distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex: downregulation is more associated with activity in the right prefrontal cortex, while upregulation is more associated with activity in the left prefrontal cortex. Transcranial direct electrical stimulation of the anodal brain over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex combined with transcranial direct electrical stimulation of the cathodal brain over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves emotion regulation. Suppression of activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by cathodal stimulation appears to result in activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a key region in emotion control. Furthermore, transcranial direct current stimulation of the anodal brain over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can improve emotion regulation in individuals, which plays an important role in the cognitive processes of emotion regulation. The results of the present study showed that 10 sessions of 20-minute transcranial direct current stimulation program in the left anode and right cathode dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area leads to improved emotion regulation in adolescents with stuttering, and transcranial direct curent stimulation of the brain can be used as a complementary treatment along with other therapeutic methods to treat psychological problems in adolescents with stuttering.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Psychology
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