1. Wu Y, Mulkens S, Alleva JM. Body image and acceptance of cosmetic surgery in China and the Netherlands: a qualitative study on cultural differences and similarities. Body Image. 2022;40:30–49. [
DOI]
2. Rounagh Sheshkelani M, Panah Ali A, Lofti A, Ghavimi MA, Ahmadpour Pournaki F. Comparison of body image and life satisfaction in applicants cosmetic and those surgical operated of oral and maxillofacial and cosmetic surgery part at the education and health care of Imam Reza hospital in Tabriz. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018;25(8):12–23. [Persian] [
Article]
3. General Medical Council. Cosmetic interventions [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Mar 26]; Available from: [
Article]
4. Hajiabllo K, Hallajzadeh H, Masoudnia E. Comparison of social capital among the two groups of women with a history of cosmetic surgery and without performing cosmetic surgeries in Rasht. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2018;29(4):167–82. [Persian] [
DOI]
5. Khabbaz Sabet S, Keykhosrovani M, Poladi Rishehri A, Bahrani MR. Relationship between tendency to cosmetic surgery with attitudes to fashion and negative body image of women applying for cosmetic surgery based on the type of surgery: the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. Social Psychology Research. 2022;12(46):37–60. [Persian] [
DOI]
6. Sarwer DB, Siminoff LA, Gardiner HM, Spitzer JC. The psychosocial burden of visible disfigurement following traumatic injury. Front Psychol. 2022;30(13):979574. [
DOI]
7. Ganji M. Psychopathology based on DSM–5. Tehran: Savalan Pub; 2024. [Persian]
8. Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Cosmetic surgery and psychological issues. Psychiatry. 2007;4(12):65-8. [
Article]
9. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Rezaei F. (Persian translator). Tehran: Arjmand Pub; 2022.
10. Griffiths C, Williamson H, Zucchelli F, Paraskeva N, Moss T. A systematic review of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for body image dissatisfaction and weight self–stigma in adults. J Contemp Psychother. 2018;48(4):189–204. [
DOI]
11. Wang C, Sun T, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Wang X. Emotional disorder syndrome after cosmetic facial injection. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(9):2273–6. [
DOI]
12. Azam Rajabian A, Asghari Ebrahimabad MJ, Aghamohammadian Sharbaf H, Rasoolzadeh Tabatabaei SK. Investigating the causes of body dysmorphic disorder in women: content analysis. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2022;25(3):484–99. [Persian] [
DOI]
13. Zare H, Hasani Estalkhi F, Dosti R. Comparison of explicit and implicit self–esteem in applicants for nose surgery and normal women. Health Psychology. 2019;8(30):133–44. [Persian] [
DOI]
14. Bassak Nejad S, Aarefi N, Arshadi N. Testing a model of emotional eating, emotional dysregulation, self–esteem, and impulsivity in food addiction among students. Health Psychology. 2018;7(26):132–45. [Persian] [
Article]
15. Khunger N, Pant H. Cosmetic procedures in adolescents: what's safe and what can wait. Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology. 2021;22(1):12–20.
16. Walker CE, Krumhuber EG, Dayan S, Furnham A. Effects of social media use on desire for cosmetic surgery among young women. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. 2021;40(7):3355–64. [
DOI]
17. Shams S, Ghelichkhan N, Yousefi N, Alijani S. Comparison of the effectiveness of short–term intensive dynamic psychotherapy and mentalization–based therapy on emotional dysregulation, defense mechanisms and insecure attachment styles in women who have experienced the trauma of marital infidelity. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2022;10(1):106–21. [Persian] [
DOI]
18. De Oliveira C, Rahioui H, Smadja M, Gorsane MA, Louppe F. Mentalization based treatment and borderline personality disorder. Encephale. 2017;43(4):340–5. [
DOI]
19. Bateman A, Fonagy P. Mentalization–based treatment for personality disorders: a practical guide. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2016. [
DOI]
20. Löf J, Clinton D, Kaldo V, Rydén G. Symptom, alexithymia and self–image outcomes of Mentalisation–based treatment for borderline personality disorder: a naturalistic study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):185. [
DOI]
21. Griffiths H, Duffy F, Duffy L, Brown S, Hockaday H, Eliasson E, et al. Efficacy of mentalization–based group therapy for adolescents: the results of a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):167. [
DOI]
22. Hauschild S, Kasper L, Volkert J, Sobanski E, Taubner S. Mentalization–based treatment for adolescents with conduct disorder (MBT–CD): a feasibility study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32(12):2611–22. [
DOI]
23. Pourfarahani M, Shareh H, Haji Arbabi F. Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy based on acceptance and commitment on body image and sexual self–esteem in dialysis women. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling. 2023;13(1):102–22. [Persian] [
DOI]
24. Mahmoudfakhe H, Hasanzadeh N, Shiri H. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on feelings of inferiority, fear of body image, and feeling of self–worth in cosmetic surgery applicants. Journal of Research in Psychopathology. 2023;4(12):31–8. [Persian] [
DOI]
25. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(1):1–25. [
DOI]
26. Soleimanpour Moghaddam H, Saeedi A, Mehdian H. Comparison of the effectiveness of compassion and acceptance and commitment–based education (ACT) on academic self-efficacy and achievement motivation. Islamic Lifestyle Based on Health. 2022;5(4):234–44. [Persian]
27. Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy: state of the evidence. Colloquium presented to the University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario; 2016.
28. Hayes S. C, Strosahl K. D & Wilson K. G. Acceptance and commitment therapy: an experiential approach to behavior change. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press 1999.
29. Ghorbani E, Barati H, Zakerfard M. The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on depression, self–efficacy and self–esteem of divorced women. In: Iran's 2nd National Psychotherapy Conference [Internet]. Ardabil, Iran: Civilica; 2023. [Persian] [
Article]
30. Moradi Bidhandi D. The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the self–esteem of adolescent girls with symptoms of social anxiety. In: The 7th National Conference on New Researches in the Field of Educational Sciences and Psychology of Iran [Internet]. Tehran, Iran: Civilica; 2022. [Persian] [
Article]
31. Hosseinzadeh Oskooei A, Samadi Kashan S, Zamani Zarchi MS, Asadi Asadabad R, Bakhtiari M. The efficacy of group–based acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive flexibility and self–esteem in women who have experienced the trauma of infidelity. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2022;13(4):203–16. [Persian] [
DOI]
32. Farahzadi M, Maddahi ME, Khalatbari J. Comparison the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and cognitive–behavioral group therapy on the body image dissatisfaction and interpersonal sensitivity in women with the body image dissatisfaction. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling. 2018;7(2):69–89. [Persian] [
DOI]
33. Delavar A. Research method in psychology and educational sciences. Tehran: Virayesh Pub; 2022. [Persian]
34. Phillips KA, Hollander E, Rasmussen SA, Aronowitz BR, DeCaria C, Goodman WK. A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(1):17–22.
35. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self–image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965.
36. Mayordomo T, Gutierrez M, Sales A. Adapting and validating the Rosenberg self–esteem scale for elderly Spanish population. Int Psychogeriatr. 2020;32(2):183–90. [
DOI]
37. Rajabi G, Bahloul N. Assessing the reliability and validity of the Rosenberg self–esteem scale among first–year students of Shahid Chamran University. Educational and Psychological Research. 2007;3(2):33–48. [Persian]
38. Gholami S, Omidi Moghadam E, Ghadampour E, Bayat Mazlaghani M. Psychometric properties of the revised yale–brown obsessive compulsive disorder scale for body dysmorphic disorder in transgenders. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2025;13(1):79–92. [Persian] [
Article]
39. Basharpoor S, Einy S. The effectiveness of mentalization–based therapy on emotional dysregulation and impulsivity in veterans with post–traumatic stress disorder. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2020;8(3):10–9. [Persian] [
DOI]
40. Fonagy P, Target M. The mentalization–focused approach to self pathology. J Pers Disord. 2006;20(6):544–76. [
DOI]
41. McCracken LM, Gutiérrez–Martínez O. Processes of change in psychological flexibility in an interdisciplinary group–based treatment for chronic pain based on acceptance and commitment therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(4):267–74. [
DOI]
42. Flaxman PE, Bond FW. A randomised worksite comparison of acceptance and commitment therapy and stress inoculation training. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(8):816–20. [
DOI]