Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies

fa اثر تمرین با تردمیل آبی بر تعادل ایستا، تعادل پویا و توانایی شناختی زنان سالمند غیرفعال The Effect of Underwater Treadmill Training on Static Balance, Dynamic Balance, and Cognitive Ability of Sedentary Elderly Women توانبخشی Rehabilitation مقاله پژوهشی اصیل Original Research Article زمینه و هدف: فعالیت بدنی ازجمله روش‌هایی است که برای پیشگیری، به تأخیر انداختن یا درمان مشکلات ناشی‌از فرآیند پیری به‌کار می‌رود. هدف تحقیق حاضر، تعیین تأثیر تمرین با تردمیل آبی بر تعادل ایستا، تعادل پویا و توانایی شناختی زنان سالمند غیرفعال بود. روش‌بررسی: روش این پژوهش، نیمه‌تجربی با طرح پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون همراه با گروه گواه بود. از بین سالمندان زن مراجعه‌کننده به باشگاه ورزشی هیژیا در اراک، سی زن سالمند بیشتر از شصت سال به‌صورت تصادفی ساده به گروه تجربی و گروه گواه (هر گروه پانزده نفر) تقسیم شدند. گروه تجربی دویدن روی تردمیل آبی را به‌مدت هشت هفته، هر هفته به‌مدت سه جلسه (در کل ۲۴ جلسه) و هر جلسه به‌مدت سی دقیقه با تردمیل آبی انجام داد. شدت تمرین ده دقیقه با ۴۰تا۴۵درصد و بیست دقیقه با ۵۵تا۶۵درصد حداکثر ضربان قلب ذخیره تعیین شد. تغییرات در تعادل ایستا، تعادل پویا و توانایی شناختی قبل و بعد از دورهٔ تمرین، به‌ترتیب به‌وسیلهٔ آزمون‌ اصلاح‌شدۀ لک‌لک (استورک، ۱۹۷۶)، آزمون عملکرد تعادل پویا (TUG) (ماتهیسا، ۱۹۸۵) و آزمون کوتاه بررسی وضعیت ذهنی (فولستاین و همکاران، ۱۹۷۵) اندازه‌گیری شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس در نرم‌افزار آماری SSPS نسخهٔ ۲۲ در سطح معناداری ۰٫۰۵ صورت گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، پس از مداخلهٔ تمرین با تردمیل آبی، تفاوت معناداری در میانگین نمرات تعادل ایستا، تعادل پویا و توانایی شناختی در گروه تجربی با گواه یافت شد (۰٫۰۰۱>p). مجذور اتا نشان داد، ۶۲درصد از افزایش تعادل ایستا، ۷۱درصد از افزایش تعادل پویا و ۷۰درصد از افزایش توانایی‌ شناختی در سالمندان زن غیرفعال ناشی‌از تأثیر تمرین با تردمیل آبی بوده است. نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج نتیجه گرفته می‌شود که مداخلات تمرینی با تردمیل آبی به‌مدت هشت هفته، بر بهبود تعادل ایستا، تعادل پویا و توانایی شناختی زنان سالمند غیرفعال مؤثر است. Background & Objectives: The aging process is associated with gradual physiological changes in body systems. Identifying problems and issues of the elderly to improve their level of health is essential. Physical activity is an effective way to prevent, delay, or treat aging consequences. The underwater treadmill is one of the most recommended devices for the elderly and people who suffer from joint and muscle pain. One of the main and essential advantages of using an underwater treadmill is that it removes all the limitations people face in aerobic sports and treadmills and the possibility of sports activities. All people of different ages and different levels of physical fitness can use this treadmill. One of the limitations in these sports is the pressure exerted that can lead to muscle cramps and injuries and exacerbate joint wear in certain people, such as those with chronic joint disease, people with obesity, and the elderly, which prevents them from doing so do sports activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of underwater treadmill exercise on static balance, dynamic balance, and cognitive ability of inactive elderly women. Methods: The research is a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. Out of the elderly women referred to Hijia Sports Club in Arak City, Iran, 30 elderly women over 60 years old were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups (each group with 15 people). The sample size of the present study was determined by Cohen's table of sample size in experimental studies, considering the effect size of 0.7, test power of 0.91, and the significance level of 0.05. The inclusion criteria included their interest, liking, and non–involvement in regular exercise programs. The personal information questionnaire was also used to control other inclusion criteria such as independence in daily activities and no vision problems, history of falls in the last year, joint dislocation or chronic arthritis, and dizziness; otherwise, they were excluded from the study. The experimental group performed running on an underwater treadmill for 8 weeks, three sessions per week (24 sessions in total), and each session lasted 30 minutes. The training intensity was determined for 10 minutes with 40%–45% and 20 minutes with 55%–65% of the maximum heart rate reserve. All sessions began with a short warm–up, including light aerobic activity and dynamic, static stretching, and ended with a cool–down. It is noteworthy that the control group performed daily activities during the intervention and did not have any other effective and regular sports activities. Changes in static and dynamic balance and cognitive ability before and after the training period were measured by the Modified Stork test (Stork, 1976), Dynamic Balance Performance test (Timed Up and Go test) (Mahtisa, 1985), and Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1975). The collected data were classified and described by calculating the mean and standard deviation and drawing a table. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 22. A significance level of 0.05 was considered in all analyzes. Results: The results showed that after the exercise intervention with an underwater treadmill, a significant difference was found between the experimental group with the control regarding the mean scores of static balance (p<0.001), dynamic balance (p<0.001), and cognitive ability (p<0.001), so that the static balance score, dynamic balance, and cognitive ability was higher in the experimental group than the control group. Eta squared showed that 62% of the increase in static balance, 71% of the increase in dynamic balance, and 70% of the increase in cognitive ability in the inactive elderly woman was due to the effect of training with an underwater treadmill. Conclusion: According to the results, 8 weeks of underwater treadmill training effectively improves static balance, dynamic balance, and cognitive ability of inactive elderly women. سالمندی, توانایی شناختی, زوال, تردمیل آبی Elderly, Cognitive ability, Deterioration, Underwater treadmill 2 2 http://jdisabilstud.org/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2484-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Amir Hamzeh Sabzi امیرحمزه سبزی AH.sabzi@pnu.ac.ir 100319475328460061762 100319475328460061762 Yes Payame Noor University, Tehran گروه تربیت‌بدنی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران Amin Gholami امین غلامی a.gholami@ssrc.ac.ir 100319475328460061763 100319475328460061763 No Sport Sciences Research Institute Tehran پژوهشگاه علوم ورزشی، تهران Malihe Naeimikia ملیحه نعیمی کیا m.naeimikia@ssrc.ac.ir 100319475328460061764 100319475328460061764 No Sport Sciences Research Institute Tehran پژوهشگاه علوم ورزشی، تهران Mahboobeh Rouzbahani محبوبه روزبهانی M.Rouzbahani@pnu.ac.ir 100319475328460061765 100319475328460061765 No Department of Sport Management Pyame Noor University, Baharestan Branch دانشگاه پیام‌نور استان تهران، واحد بهارستان