Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies

fa بررسی اثربخشی برنامهٔ توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی با محوریت تحمل ابهام مبتنی‌بر تجربهٔ زیستهٔ زنان نابارور در فرایند درمان بر سرسختی روان‌شناختی Investigating the Effectiveness of the Psychological Empowerment Program Focusing on Tolerance of Ambiguity Based on the Lived Experience of Infertile Women in the Treatment Process on Psychological Hardiness موضوع اول Subject 01 مقاله پژوهشی اصیل Original Research Article چکیده زمینه و هدف: ناباروری، تجربه‌ای استرس‌زا برای زنان تلقی می‌شود. استرس‌های روانی ناشی‌از ناباروری را می‌توان به عوامل مختلفی ازجمله ابهام دربارهٔ علت ناباروری و ابهام طول مدت درمان نسبت داد؛ لذا پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسی اثربخشی برنامهٔ توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی با محوریت تحمل ابهام مبتنی‌بر تجربهٔ زیستهٔ زنان نابارور در فرایند درمان بر سرسختی روان‌شناختی انجام شد. روش‌بررسی: در این پژوهش، روش مطالعات تک‌موردی از نوع طرح تک‌آزمودنی A-B به‌کار رفت. از میان زنان مراجعه‌کننده برای درمان ناباروری سه زن نابارور با نمونه‌گیری دردسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش مقیاس سرسختی روان‌شناختی لانگ و گولت (لانگ و همکاران، ۲۰۰۳) بود. اجرای برنامهٔ توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی با محوریت تحمل ابهام به‌منظور افزایش سرسختی روان‌شناختی آنان در نُه جلسهٔ ۴۵‌دقیقه‌ای و یک جلسه پیگیری بعد از یک ماه صورت گرفت. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از بازبینی دیداری نمودارها (فراز و فرود متغیر وابسته)، شاخص‌های درصد بهبودی، تغییرپذیری و اندازهٔ اثر استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، در مؤلفه‌های سرسختی روان‌شناختی، برای سه آزمودنی پس از درمان، افزایش اتفاق افتاد؛ همچنین درصد بهبودی آزمودنی اول در مؤلفه‌های سرسختی روان‌شناختی بیشتر از آزمودنی‌های دوم و سوم بود. براساس یافته‌ها، اندازهٔ اثر برای سه نفر در مؤلفه‌های کنترل و تعهد و مبارزه‌جویی متغیر سرسختی روان‌شناختی به‌ترتیب ۴٫۵۳ و ۵٫۹۷ و ۷٫۱۶ بود. نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج پژوهش، برنامهٔ توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی با محوریت تحمل ابهام مبتنی‌بر تجربهٔ زیستهٔ زنان نابارور بر سرسختی روان‌شناختی آن‌ها مؤثر است. Abstract Background & Objectives: The psychological stress associated with infertility arises from various factors, such as ambiguity about its causes, the length of treatment, and financial concerns. Ambiguity is something that we face every day in different situations. Tolerating ambiguity is one of the important factors in facing problems. Hardiness is a personality trait that serves as a source of resilience in the face of stressful events. Hardy people involve themselves in life's activities, believing they can influence events, and they view change as natural and stimulating to growth. Since the effort for fertility requires continuity, it is essential to maintain a balance between uncertainty and certainty, as well as to cultivate strength, resilience, and stress management skills. Additionally, raising awareness and focusing on mental health is crucial, allowing a person to fulfill their responsibilities in the best way possible. Therefore, to strengthen the body and mind of women who have infertility and to achieve the goal, they can be psychologically empowered. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate whether the psychological empowerment program centered on tolerance of ambiguity based on the lived experience of infertile women in the treatment process is effective on the psychological hardiness of infertile women. Methods: This research employed the single–case study method of an A–B single–subject design. Among the women referred for infertility treatment, 3 infertile women who met the inclusion criteria were selected by the available sampling. The inclusion criteria for the subjects in the study were as follows: primary infertility (confirmed by an obstetrician and gynecologist); being between the ages of 20 and 45; bearing a minimum education level of a high school diploma; having a duration of infertility after 24 months of unprotected sexual intercourse; lacking psychological disorders; not receiving counseling, psychological, or psychiatric services; and having consent to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were the subject's unwillingness to continue the study, failure to cooperate in treatment sessions, becoming pregnant during the study, and the disappearance of any of the entry conditions. Before the program of psychological empowerment of infertile women, each participant completed the Lang and Goulet Hardiness Scale (LGHS) (Lang et al., 2003) to obtain baseline scores. The intervention program was then administered to the participants over 9 sessions. The researcher made every effort to ensure that the sessions were interactive and engaging. In the fifth and ninth sessions, as well as the follow–up, participants completed the Lang and Goulet Hardiness Scale (LGHS) again to determine post–program scores (Lang et al., 2003). The program of psychological empowerment of infertile women was used, focusing on tolerance of ambiguity in the treatment process. To measure the validity of the program's content, it was approved by 10 experts. The content validity ratio was calculated using the Lavish method and the content validity index. Therefore, the content of the sessions was maintained at a level of more than 0.75. To increase their psychological hardiness, the program was conducted in nine 45–minute sessions and one follow–up session one month later. Additionally, for data analysis, a visual review of graphs (showing the rise and fall of the dependent variable), improvement percentage indicators, variability, and effect size was employed. Results: The results showed an increase in the psychological hardiness components for the three subjects after treatment. Additionally, the percentage of improvement in the first subject's psychological hardiness components was greater than that of the second and third subjects. Based on the findings, the effect sizes for the three subjects in the control, commitment, and struggle components of the psychological hardiness variable were 4.53, 5.97, and 7.16, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the psychological empowerment program based on lived experience is effective in increasing the psychological hardiness of infertile women. تجربهٔ زیسته, تحمل ابهام, توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی, زنان نابارور, سرسختی روان‌شناختی Lived experience, Ambiguity tolerance, Psychological empowerment, Infertile women, Psychological hardiness 83 83 http://jdisabilstud.org/browse.php?a_code=A-11-3859-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Niloufar Dirmanchi نیلوفر دیرمانچی n.dirmanchi.psy@iauctb.ac.ir 100319475328460067488 100319475328460067488 No PhD Student in Counseling, Department of Education and Counseling, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی مشاوره، گروه تربیت و مشاوره، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Somayeh Kazemian سمیه کاظمیان s.kazemian@atu.ac.ir 100319475328460067489 100319475328460067489 Yes Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran دانشیار، گروه مشاوره، دانشکدهٔ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران Ali Akbar Khosravi Babadi علی اکبر خسروی بابادی khosravi.edu@gmail.com 100319475328460067490 100319475328460067490 No Associate Professor, Department of Education and Counseling, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran دانشیار، گروه برنامه‌ریزی‌ درسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران