Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies

Background & Objective: In today's world, where many mothers are employed and have little time for their children, children's relationships with adults have become more critical. As far as can be said, their existence has been indispensable to prevent the vacuum in human and emotional relations. Strangely enough, some children tell their grandparents that children care about these relationships. Grandparents can significantly compensate for this lack of human relationships around the child. Relationships with children and grandchildren are usually more prominent in women's lives than men's. As the number of older adults in the international community, and in particular Iranian society in recent decades, has been increasing steadily, and this upward trend will increase significantly in the coming years, as well as the stereotyped perceptions of children. Now, considering what has been said and since Iran is a multi-ethnic country, the present study was conducted to investigate the differences in attitudes toward aging among children of Farsi, Kurdish, Baluchi, and Turkish population.
Methods: The present study was a causal-comparative study. The population of this study included all children living in Isfahan (Fars), Sanandaj (Kurdish), Zahedan (Baloch) and Tabriz (Turks) in 2018. In this research, 800 people selected using an available sampling method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of attitude towards old age. Two-way variance analysis used for data analysis.
Results: Findings showed that there is a significant difference between children of different ethnic groups in attitude toward old age (p<0.001). The results of Shafa's follow-up test showed that the attitude of Fars ethnicity was more positive than other ethnicities, Kurdish ethnic attitude was more favorable compared to Turk and Baluch ethnicities and Turkish ethnicity's attitudes toward Baloch ethnicity. The attitude of Baloch ethnicity has been worse than other ethnic groups. Also, the results showed no significant difference in attitude toward aging in each ethnic group between boys and girls (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Overall, the study's results showed that children's attitudes to the elderly are influenced by factors such as gender, the level of interaction with the elderly, and the type of their parents' views. Many scholars believe that the attitudes of aging phobia and anti-aging in modern cultures are more than traditional cultures, and believe that the aging period is associated with vulnerability and dependency and that it is passed down from generation to generation. It is also related to social issues.

Background & Objectives: Exercise and physical activity play a vital role in the general health of society, especially veterans and the disabled. Throughout human history, coping with a disability has taken numerous forms and has been more humane and discriminatory. The presence of individuals with disabilities in sports activities plays a significant role in their lives. In Iran, numerous veterans and disabled are reluctant to participate in sports activities. The issue of veterans and the disabled not attempting to participate in sports is not a very new title; however, it has not been comprehensively reviewed. This study aimed to investigate the reasons for the lack of participation of the disabled and veterans in sports activities.
Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted using data–based theory by Strauss and Corbin (year to be written). Accordingly, the interviewees' views on the barriers to the presence of veterans and disabled groups in sports activities were identified. The study participants were 30 disabled and veteran subjects with a mean±SD age of 51.4±2.19 years who were purposively selected for in–depth and exploratory 45–60–minute interviews. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached (25 interviews). According to the qualitative research literature, the interviews were analyzed and coded concurrently. The units of analysis were reviewed several times and classified according to conceptual similarity and meaning. The declining trend in data reduction took place in all units of study and sub–main and main classes; the number of conceptual units became less.Furthermore, the sub–main and sub–classes became more abstract and conceptual. Thus, the data were divided into main factors, including general, conceptual, and abstract. Various methods were applied to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the research, as follows: Reviewing observers, including manuscripts, analysis unit, and extracted themes using supplementary comments from experts and participants. Corrections were made, and suggestions were made. Notably, sharing opinions about similar codes and classes is crucial for data accuracy in content analysis. The continuous engagement was observed in simultaneous data analysis and feedback to research and allocating sufficient time.
Results: The study participants included 7 women and 23 men (9 experts, 12 managers, 4 veterans & disabled, & 5 professors). The reluctance of veterans and disabled subjects to participate in sports activities with 6 main factors and 21 sub–factors in 6 dimensions of paradigm model, including causal factors (individual, social, economic, managerial, & psychological), pivotal phenomenon (veteran and disabled and sports activities, underlying factors (veterans & disabled, lacking education & research), interventional factors (defects to using a dysfunctional manager, legal gaps & structural barriers), facilitating factors (developing human resources & potential capacities of veterans & disabled), strategies, economic, individual strategies management, and psychology and outcomes (veterans & disabled, social growth & organizational success) and pivotal phenomenon (absence of veterans & the disabled in sports activities) were identified.
Conclusion: According to the obtained findings, the identification of managerial, social, economic, psychological, and personal factors and barriers can be used as a guiding and facilitating shortcut for the active participation and presence of veterans and the disabled in sports activities.