تعطیلات نوروز ۱۴۰۴-ضمن آرزوی قبولی طاعات و عبادات و همچنین تبریک فرارسیدن بهار و شروع سال جدید، به اطلاع میرساند این نشریه از تاریخ ۲۸ اسفندماه ۱۴۰۳ لغایت ۱۵ فروردین ۱۴۰۴ تعطیل می باشد.
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Showing 23 results for Nazari
Zahra Taghavi, Ali Mohammad Nazari, Soodabeh Shahidsales, Afsaneh Khajevand Khoshali,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (In Press 2020)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (In Press 2020)
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women, which, in addition to heavy physical complications, also causes psychological complications. Therefore, effective psychological interventions in order to improve the mental status of these patients are important. Psychological interventions have been undertaken to help increase this factor and factors associated with breast cancer. Spirituality is the search for meaning and purpose in order to communicate with the sacred source or the ultimate reality. Spirituality, whether seeking a relationship with a holy source or an ultimate reality, is accompanied by a kind of excellence and responsible ethics towards this sacred source or the ultimate reality. Spiritual intervention has been considered as an effective therapeutic method in recent years. Religion and spirituality provide a series through which human beings can understand the meaning of their lives. That is why spirituality, a strong predictor of hope and mental health, is an important source of physical health and improvement of the condition of the disease. In fact, we have a special need for intervention in patients with cancer.
Hope increase the power of conformity and sign of mental health, and having a plan for real life with the true purpose and purpose of making a living hope is one of the important and essential factors in human life, life expectancy and an attempt to discover the effective variables that lie beyond Improving life expectancy. After Frankl, other scholars have defined life expectancy and studied various aspects of it. Levin and Shayder consider Omid as one of the sources of resilience that can have a positive impact on the health and well-being of individuals when stressed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of spiritual healing in increasing the hope in women with breast cancer.
Methods: The method of present study was a semi-experimental study with pre-posttest, a 3 month follow-up and control group design. The population was women with breast cancer at Omid Hospital of Mashhad, Iran. After considering the inclusion and exclusion of sampling, an availability sampling method was conducted to recruit subjects. The study has been done in 2017. First, we randomly assigned 14 patients for each group (control and experimental groups), then, we conducted pretests for each group using Hope Questionnaire (the reliably and validity of this scale is good). Next, experimental group received the spiritual therapy (12 sessions, 120 minutes), and control group did not receive any programs. After the program, both groups were assessed as a posttest and after three months, were again measured as a follow- up session. Finally, the data put into SPSS22 and were analyzed using a repeated measure of ANOVA and descriptive indexes such as arithmetic mean and standard deviation.
Results: The mean age of the experimental and control group was 47.92 (SD: 9.77) and 46.85 (SD: 8.72), respectively. In the results section, firstly, the ANOVA hypothesis was examined. The findings showed that all the assumptions of variance analysis were confirmed. Subsequently, the results showed that spiritual therapy had a significant effect on the increase in hope in cancer patients (P <0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that group spiritual healing can promote and increase hope in patients with breast cancer. Therefore, this finding can be used in the therapeutic package of patients with breast cancer.
Mr Ebbad Zare, Mr Sahad Moradi Yosefvand, Mr Ramin Karami, Mr Ehsan Haghnazari, Mr Seyed Sina Safari Mousavi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (In Press 2020)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (In Press 2020)
Abstract
Background One of the most prevalent and most influential invasive cancers in women and the main cause of their deaths in developed and developing countries is breast cancer, which has caused emotional , physical and psychological problems in women . Women with breast cancer face various physical and psychological problems, including decreased immune system strength, fatigue, chronic pain, anxiety, depression, decreased mental health. Due to the diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in women with breast cancer, the psychological well-being of these patients has decreased. Considering the positive impact of psychological well-being on different areas of life, identification of factors related to psychological well-being of women with breast cancer is of great importance., the aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of psychological hardiness and mindfulness on the psychological well-being of patients with breast cancer in Khorramabad city.
Methods : The study was a cross –sectional study and correlation one. The statistical population of patients with breast cancer included all women in Khorramabad city in 1397 . Participants consisted of 110 women with breast cancer That They had come with Treatment centers in Khorramabad city Including public and private hospitals, clinics and health centers who were selected by convenient sampling. Freiburg Mindfulness questionnaire (FMI-SF) (Wallach et al. (2006)) ,18- item psychological well-being questionnaire Reef (2002) and 27-item Ahvaz Hardiness psychological questionnaire) Kiyamrthy and Najarian (2008( to collect data. To analyze the data At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation were used and at the level of inferential statistics Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used and To analyze data Spss software version 24 (VERSION 24. SPSS, IBM crop ., Armonk. NY) were used .
Results : To investigate the results of the research, data were analyzed at the level of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics . At the level of descriptive statistics, The mean and standard deviation of the participants were 49.09 and 9.69 years. The frequency of education for the subjects was as follows: 20 (19.5%) cycles, 36 (35.5%) were diplomas, 26 (25.5%) super diplomas, 18 (17.5%) were bachelors and Two (2%) had a master's degree. the mean and standard deviation psychological well-being in patients with breast cancer (X= 61/73, S2= 10/56). the mean and standard deviation Mindfulness in patients with breast cancer (X= 32/79, S2= 5/95). the mean and standard deviation Hardiness psychological in patients with breast cancer (X= 32/79, S2= 5/95). Results showed that there is a significant Positive correlation between Hardiness psychological with psychological well-being in patients with breast cancer in Khorramabad city (r = 0/271, p < 0/01) . there was observed a significant Positive correlation between Mindfulness with psychological well-being in patients with breast cancer in Khorramabad city. (r = 0/253, p < 0/01) . there was observed a significant Positive correlation between Hardiness psychological with psychological well-being in patients with breast cancer in Khorramabad city. (r = 0/212, p < 0/05). In order to study the predictive role of mindfulness and psychological hardiness in predicting the psychological well-being of women with breast cancer, multivariate regression method was used and the results of multivariate regression showed that Psychological hardiness and mindfulness explained 11.4% of variance of psychological well-being variables in patients with breast cancer. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that psychological hardiness positively and significantly predicted the variables of psychological well-being (B = 0.222, t = 2.44, p =0.016), as well as the component of mindfulness Positive and meaningful variables predicted psychological well-being (B = 0.204, t = 2.19, p = 0.30).
Discussion : Results showed between mindfulness and psychological hardiness with psychological wellbeing of women with breast cancer, there was a significant relationship. People who have a higher level of psychological hardiness and higher awareness about dealing with life-threatening events are opening up in a more open way and responding more to life events, increasing the capacity to cope with life events less anxiety, stress and depression, have a higher self-efficacy and have better quality of life, improve their immune system and therefore have higher mental health and quality of life., which leads to improvements Psychological well-being in them. Therefore, in dealing with these patients, carers of these patients by using programs that increase psychological hardiness and mindfulness Improved psychological well-being in patients with breast cancer.
Mohammadreza Namakieraghi, Touraj Hashemi Nosratabad, Vakil Nazari4, Mansour Beyrami,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (In Press 2020)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (In Press 2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Based on previous researches, several psychological interventions are effective on the behavioral, cognitive and emotional outcomes of sports. In this regard, this research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of training neurocognitive skills based on mindfulness and mental imagery on behavioral, cognitive and sports excitement outcomes among male wrestlers. Therefore, due to the fact that no research has been found, which has compared the effectiveness of training neurocognitive skills based on mindfulness and mental imagery among male wrestlers and its effect on the variable of behavioral, cognitive and sports performance, in this research the researchers They were looking for an answer to the question of whether the training of neurocognitive skills based on mindfulness and mental imagery increases behavioral, cognitive and sports performance in male wrestlers.
Method: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population was all the professional athletes of men's wrestling in 1400, with the purposeful sampling method, 45 qualified subjects voluntarily entered the study and were randomly divided into two experimental groups (mindfulness and mental imagery) and a control group, each 15 people were placed. Following the health protocols, 45 professional athletes who met the criteria for entering the research voluntarily entered the study as a purposive sample and were randomly assigned to three experimental and control groups of 15 people. The experimental group received educational interventions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The criteria for the selection of the subjects were having at least two years of experience in wrestling, no history of psychological treatments before the start of the intervention, absence of psychotic disorders and substance abuse, being at least 15 years old and at most 35 years old, The exclusion criteria were unwillingness to continue cooperation, absence of more than one session in training sessions of neurocognitive skills based on mental imagery. consent of the subject to participate in the research and Taking written consent. It should be noted that in order to comply with the principle of ethics in the research, the principle of secrecy and confidentiality of the participants' information was observed. One experimental group received the training of neurological skills based on mindfulness in eight sessions and the other experimental group received the training of neurological skills based on mental imagery in eight sessions, and no intervention was done for the control group. To collect data, Jones et al.'s sports excitement questionnaire (2005), Wiley et al.'s (1998) sports self-confidence questionnaire, and Abadi's perceived physical fitness questionnaire (1988) were used. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis and SPSS version 22 statistical software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all tests.
Results: By controlling the effects of the pre-test, the effect of the groups was significant, and in the two experimental groups, in the post-test, compared to the control group, the average scores of behavioral efficiency (P<0.001), cognitive (P<0.001) and sports excitement increased significantly (P<0.001). significantly decreased; Also, a significant difference was observed in the mean scores of the mentioned variables between the test groups (P=0.028). Few researches have been done on anger, especially anger in sports, but if mindfulness and mental imagery help social well-being and reduce the anxiety and stress of athletes, surely mindfulness and mental imagery training can be effective against athletes' anger and reduce it, the results The result of this research was also effective in reducing the anger component of emotional efficiency, but more research in this field is suggested. The researchers argue that the increase in self-concept and self-esteem that is more associated with mindfulness practice compared to mental imagery is necessary for the positive self-concept and self-esteem these practices create.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the training of neurocognitive skills based on mindfulness and mental imagery was effective on behavioral, cognitive and sports excitement results. However, the effectiveness of training neurocognitive skills based on mindfulness compared to mental imagery was higher in increasing behavioral, cognitive, and sports excitement results, and the program of training neurocognitive skills based on mindfulness can be considered as a suitable program for increasing the performance of athletes in various fields used.
Maryam Rahimiyan, Parisa Hejazi, Hadise Nazari, Shole Farahmand,
Volume 8, Issue 0 (4-2018)
Volume 8, Issue 0 (4-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Autism spectrum disorder is a term used to represent a spectrum of conditions characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication, restricted interests and repetitive behavior. Autism is an invisible disorder that the autistic people are often looks like others. However, it is possible to carry out different and strange behavior. From the pervasive developmental disorder, autism is most prevalent and more than 75 percent of these disorders and its prevalence is increasing significantly. Babies later diagnosed with autism disorder were significantly delayed in the development of motor skills. In fact, the most basic response in children is movement. Any disruption in process of movement, affect learning system and causing learning problems. Motor activities improve perceptual system and play an important role in advancement of educational and social skills. The process of socialization of children begins with early motor activity and provide growth and motor development in childhood and in later years their sports participation too. Social development is process that causes the child to adapt to the social environment and relationships with others. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected sensorimotor integration program performed as group or individually on perceptual-motor ability and social development of 8 to 14 years old autistic children.
Methods: For this purpose, 22 autistic children who were studied in one of the Shiraz's exceptional school in 2014-15, enrolled in the experiment. Inclusion criteria were aged 8-14 years, lack of acute physical and motor problems, severe poor vision and hearing, autism disorder based on dossier of student and lack of mental retardation. In the following their parents’ consent to the presence of children in the exercise protocol, through the questionnaire. Children randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (control group including six people and 2 experimental groups including eight people). In pretest, the perceptual-motor ability of subject were evaluated by short form Briuninks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency and parents completed social communication questionnaires about their children. The experimental group engaged in 12 sessions of sensory-motor integration activities (group training and individual group). The activities were executed in each session for 45 minutes. The control group continued their daily activities without any intervention. The posttest was performed using short form Briuninks-Oseretsky test of proficiency and social development questionnaire after final session. For the analysis of data, the mean, standard deviation and analysis of covariance was used. Data were analyzed by covariance test (α=0.05).
Results: Data analysis showed that the sensory-motor integration activities have positive effects on perceptual-motor ability in autism children compare with control group but there was no significant difference between group and individual approach (p=0.327). This means that the group training was not more than individually training. Comparison of groups ranging social development showed that the difference in posttest between the control group and group approach was significant (p=0.007), but between the control group and individually approach was not significant (p=0.064) but social development of group and individual approaches, there was a significant difference (p=0.005). This means the group approach was better than individually approach.
Conclusion: As a result, sensory-motor integration activities are recommended for autism children to improve their motor proficiency. Due to the importance of physical activity in perfect dimensions of children development, especially social development and motor proficiency and its impact on shaping the child's personality in adulthood, attention about this crucial stage is important. Because all the activity and attention in this period will be paid to children, in the future will improve the quality relationship with his children and the environment. The intervention involving sensory-motor integration with an emphasis on proprioceptive and vestibular senses significantly improved especially social development and motor proficiency in the studied population. It is recommended to use this program in educational and social settings for autistic children. In addition, it is suggested as a part of family education programs or planned programs for children with autism.
Azadeh Taghavi Behbahani, Ali Mohammad Nazari, Soodabeh Shahid Sales, Afsaneh Khajevand,
Volume 9, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Volume 9, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most important diseases in women. Women with breast cancer suffer from different psychical and psychological problems. Researchers have shown that there are some psychological problems in this disease, including low self–efficacy, anxiety, depression, and low quality of life. Thus, it seems that post–traumatic growth (PTG) of women with breast cancer is important to be investigated. Post–traumatic growth is a factor that pays attention to the adaptation to psychological challenges. Post–traumatic growth is not about returning to the same life as it was previously experienced before a period of traumatic suffering. However, instead, it is about undergoing significant 'life–changing' psychological shifts in thinking and relating to the world that contributes to a personal process of change that is deeply meaningful. Psychological interventions have been done to help for increasing this factor and related–factors of breast cancer. The spiritual intervention has been considered as an effective therapeutic method in recent years. Religion and spirituality provide a series through which human beings can understand the meaning of their lives. That is why spirituality, a strong predictor of hope and mental health, is an important source of physical health and improvement of the condition of the disease. We have a particular need for intervention in patients with cancer. However, in this study, we applied spiritual therapy to improve post–traumatic growth in women with breast cancer.
Methods: The method of present study was a semi–experimental study with pre–posttest with a 3 month follow–up and control group design. The population was women with breast cancer at Omid hospital of Mashhad (Khorasan–e–Razavi province, Northeast of Iran). After considering the inclusion and exclusion of criteria, an availability sampling method was conducted to recruit subjects. The study carried out in 2017. First, we randomly assigned 14 patients for each group (control and experimental groups), then we conducted pretests for each group using PTG questionnaire (Tedeschi, Calhoun, 1996; this 21–item scale includes factors of new possibilities, relating to others, personal strength, spiritual change, and appreciation of life, the reliably and validity of this scale is good). Next, experimental group received the spiritual therapy (12 sessions, 120 minutes) and control group did not receive any programs. After the program, both groups were assessed as a posttest and after three months, were again measured as a follow– up session. Finally, the data analyzed by SPSS22 and using a repeated measure of ANOVA and descriptive indexes such as arithmetic mean and standard deviation.
Results: The mean age of the experimental and control group was 47.92 (SD=9.77) and 46.85 (SD=8.72), respectively. In the result section, we first examined ANOVA assumptions. The findings showed that all assumptions were homolog. After that, the results showed that the spiritual therapy had a significant effect on factors of new possibilities, relating to others, personal strength, spiritual change, and appreciation of life (p<0.05). Moreover, the results showed that the spiritual therapy significantly influence on the total score of post–traumatic growth (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Spiritual therapy was an acceptable intervention to improve post–traumatic growth in women with breast cancer. It is recommended to use this program for women with breast cancer.
Methods: The method of present study was a semi–experimental study with pre–posttest with a 3 month follow–up and control group design. The population was women with breast cancer at Omid hospital of Mashhad (Khorasan–e–Razavi province, Northeast of Iran). After considering the inclusion and exclusion of criteria, an availability sampling method was conducted to recruit subjects. The study carried out in 2017. First, we randomly assigned 14 patients for each group (control and experimental groups), then we conducted pretests for each group using PTG questionnaire (Tedeschi, Calhoun, 1996; this 21–item scale includes factors of new possibilities, relating to others, personal strength, spiritual change, and appreciation of life, the reliably and validity of this scale is good). Next, experimental group received the spiritual therapy (12 sessions, 120 minutes) and control group did not receive any programs. After the program, both groups were assessed as a posttest and after three months, were again measured as a follow– up session. Finally, the data analyzed by SPSS22 and using a repeated measure of ANOVA and descriptive indexes such as arithmetic mean and standard deviation.
Results: The mean age of the experimental and control group was 47.92 (SD=9.77) and 46.85 (SD=8.72), respectively. In the result section, we first examined ANOVA assumptions. The findings showed that all assumptions were homolog. After that, the results showed that the spiritual therapy had a significant effect on factors of new possibilities, relating to others, personal strength, spiritual change, and appreciation of life (p<0.05). Moreover, the results showed that the spiritual therapy significantly influence on the total score of post–traumatic growth (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Spiritual therapy was an acceptable intervention to improve post–traumatic growth in women with breast cancer. It is recommended to use this program for women with breast cancer.
Parisa Niayzy, Rasool Nazari, Morteza Azimzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Aging is a sensitive period of human life, and paying attention to its relevant issues and needs is a social necessity. Exercise is among the factors that affect the elderly's life. Besides, surveying the statistical indicators in Iran indicated the growth and acceleration of aging; the Iranian elderly population is probably increasing. Accordingly, Iran might face severe problems in the elderly due to their special conditions, and authorities should especially address their bio psychological health. Sports entrepreneurship could significantly influence the development of the country by playing an active role in the development of business, employment, and prosperity, as well as and biopsychological health. Additionally, entrepreneurship in sports could be impactful in contributing to the competitive environment in sports programs, the development of clubs, as well as the construction of sports venues and equipment, to improve the community's health and sustainability and continuity of sports businesses. The present research aimed to provide entrepreneurship in the field of elderly sports based on the foundation data theory.
Methods: This was a qualitative study based on Strauss and Corbin’s Foundation Data Theory. The opinions of the interviewees on the components of entrepreneurship in the field of aging sports were analyzed. The statistical population of the present study included experts in sports management, the elderly, and entrepreneurs. After 15 interviews, we reached data saturation. In the present study, we implemented deep interviews, exploratory interviews, and open–ended interview questions for data collection. Microdata analysis was used to analyze the obtained information, in which we analyzed the data through the open, pivotal, and selective coding process based on the foundation data theory. Furthermore, credibility, transferability, reliability, and reliability strategies were used.
Results: After completing the interviews, the open–ended, axial, and selective coding process, in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigmatic model (including causal causes, e.g., the institutionalization of the culture of sport; central categories, e.g., reality–based view and the need of the elderly community; strategies, e.g., Article 3) was applied. The constitution identified the underlying features of planning and inter–organizational cooperation, interventional conditions, such as social restrictions and prohibitions, and consequences, such as health and vitality for the individuals and the prevention of non–communicable diseases.
Conclusion: An active lifestyle in the elderly increases their ability and physical efficiency, as well as health status, including their vitality, happiness, and emotional functioning; consequently, the older people have a vibrant life with an enhanced bio psychological status. Moreover, given the demographic pyramid of the country and the rapid growth of the elderly population, the authorities responsible for the elderly programs must take more serious measures for this issue and the relevant concerns.
Methods: This was a qualitative study based on Strauss and Corbin’s Foundation Data Theory. The opinions of the interviewees on the components of entrepreneurship in the field of aging sports were analyzed. The statistical population of the present study included experts in sports management, the elderly, and entrepreneurs. After 15 interviews, we reached data saturation. In the present study, we implemented deep interviews, exploratory interviews, and open–ended interview questions for data collection. Microdata analysis was used to analyze the obtained information, in which we analyzed the data through the open, pivotal, and selective coding process based on the foundation data theory. Furthermore, credibility, transferability, reliability, and reliability strategies were used.
Results: After completing the interviews, the open–ended, axial, and selective coding process, in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigmatic model (including causal causes, e.g., the institutionalization of the culture of sport; central categories, e.g., reality–based view and the need of the elderly community; strategies, e.g., Article 3) was applied. The constitution identified the underlying features of planning and inter–organizational cooperation, interventional conditions, such as social restrictions and prohibitions, and consequences, such as health and vitality for the individuals and the prevention of non–communicable diseases.
Conclusion: An active lifestyle in the elderly increases their ability and physical efficiency, as well as health status, including their vitality, happiness, and emotional functioning; consequently, the older people have a vibrant life with an enhanced bio psychological status. Moreover, given the demographic pyramid of the country and the rapid growth of the elderly population, the authorities responsible for the elderly programs must take more serious measures for this issue and the relevant concerns.
Somayeh Nazari, Saeid Hassanzadeh, Mohsen Shokoohi-Yekta, Seyyed Kamal Kharrazi, Valiollah Farzad,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Executive functions (EFs; also called executive control or cognitive control) refer to a family of top–down mental processes needed when you have to concentrate and pay attention. different types of interventions have focused on trying to improve executive functions (EFs). However, the generalizability of these training to complex everyday functions namely "near and far transfer effect" of cognitive training is one of the most challenging topics in the field of cognitive science, disability and rehabilitation. Given the role of executive dysfunction in cognitive and educational disorders on the one hand and inconsistency results in the near and far transfer effect of executive function’s interventions, on the other hand, caused to be necessary attention to the variables that affect the effectiveness and generality of these interventions. In order to solve this problem, a closer look at interventional studies can illustrate the role of the characteristics and variables that affect the success or failure of the transfer of cognitive program effects. The purpose of the present study was to introduce the variables and conditions affecting the near and far transfer effects of executive function’s interventions.
Methods: The present study was a systematic review and descriptive study. The materials reviewed were all electronically published studies relevant to the subject, published in scientific databases including; Sage pub, PubMed, Springer, ProQuest, Elsevier and Eric in 2008 until 2018. The materials screened through keywords such as; executive function intervention, near and far transfer effect, cognitive program, generality of cognitive intervention effects, intervention, working memory, inhibition, switching, shifting, memory updating, executive control, cognitive control, strategy based training, process based training, multi domain training. Result of these searches was 113 researches. For determining the main sample, abstract and full text of researches and methodological and interventional aspects of those, was investigated. The quality of the articles was evaluated by checklist of critical appraisal of controlled randomized trials research (Public Health Resource Unit; 2018). Finally 16 experimental researches (controlled randomized trials) as main sample selected.
Results: The present study introduced 18 variables that affect the success and generalizability of interventions, which can be categorized into three groups: Program conditions, Task characteristics, and Participants' characteristics. Training program conditions contains; type of the training regimes (including process–based, strategy–based, and multi–domain training), the intensity of the training regimes, duration of per training session, Total amount of training, per Session duration, Frequency of training session training in per week, training sessions interval) are effective on the success and generalizing of the program. Tasks characteristics including; quality and material of tasks, a number of exercises per task, general and specific domains of tasks, the optimal level of challenging tasks and the adaptation of the level of difficulty of tasks for each person have been considered in the designing of interventions. Participants' characteristics including; sample age, baseline intelligence and cognitive abilities of the individual, the baseline ability of participants in training variables, the number of training gains in training tasks, attitudes toward tasks, perceived difficulty level from training tasks, individual motivation, and age interactions with training regimes are other effectiveness factors.
Conclusion: The literature review suggests that internal researches have taken steps towards investigating the effect of different variables on the efficiency and generalizability of cognitive interventions to near and far goals. In order to, researchers should be doing more efforts instead of applying commercial intervention programs that have public content, do more efforts to design interventions using Specific assignments that are tailored to the cognitive domain–general and domain–specific factors of the goal.
Methods: The present study was a systematic review and descriptive study. The materials reviewed were all electronically published studies relevant to the subject, published in scientific databases including; Sage pub, PubMed, Springer, ProQuest, Elsevier and Eric in 2008 until 2018. The materials screened through keywords such as; executive function intervention, near and far transfer effect, cognitive program, generality of cognitive intervention effects, intervention, working memory, inhibition, switching, shifting, memory updating, executive control, cognitive control, strategy based training, process based training, multi domain training. Result of these searches was 113 researches. For determining the main sample, abstract and full text of researches and methodological and interventional aspects of those, was investigated. The quality of the articles was evaluated by checklist of critical appraisal of controlled randomized trials research (Public Health Resource Unit; 2018). Finally 16 experimental researches (controlled randomized trials) as main sample selected.
Results: The present study introduced 18 variables that affect the success and generalizability of interventions, which can be categorized into three groups: Program conditions, Task characteristics, and Participants' characteristics. Training program conditions contains; type of the training regimes (including process–based, strategy–based, and multi–domain training), the intensity of the training regimes, duration of per training session, Total amount of training, per Session duration, Frequency of training session training in per week, training sessions interval) are effective on the success and generalizing of the program. Tasks characteristics including; quality and material of tasks, a number of exercises per task, general and specific domains of tasks, the optimal level of challenging tasks and the adaptation of the level of difficulty of tasks for each person have been considered in the designing of interventions. Participants' characteristics including; sample age, baseline intelligence and cognitive abilities of the individual, the baseline ability of participants in training variables, the number of training gains in training tasks, attitudes toward tasks, perceived difficulty level from training tasks, individual motivation, and age interactions with training regimes are other effectiveness factors.
Conclusion: The literature review suggests that internal researches have taken steps towards investigating the effect of different variables on the efficiency and generalizability of cognitive interventions to near and far goals. In order to, researchers should be doing more efforts instead of applying commercial intervention programs that have public content, do more efforts to design interventions using Specific assignments that are tailored to the cognitive domain–general and domain–specific factors of the goal.
Razieh Nazari, Mehran Sardaripoor, Alireza Kakavand, Mohsen Mansobifar,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Marriage instability is detrimental to the family unit and society; therefore, the importance of identifying the factors that promote marital stability is critical. Although there is substantial literature on the interpersonal predictors for divorce and relationship stability, several important gaps exist in the field. First, previous research has extensively focused on the impact of negative factors and disregarded sufficient attention to the role of positive interpersonal processes in marriage dissolution, like equality perception. Marital quality has been theorized to be based on pathways through which equality perception correlated with marital stability. Equality perception is a determinant of couples' relationship stability. Equality perception may be influenced by other variables, like personality traits. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between personality traits and marital stability by considering the mediating role of equality perception.
Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The study population consisted of married males and females living in the 12 districts of Karaj City in the autumn and winter of 2017. Of them, a sample of 350 men and women were selected from recreational, cultural, and educational centers by convenience sampling technique. The study tools were the HEXACO Personality Inventory (Ashton & Lee, 2004), Perceived Equity Measure (Perry, 2004), and Marital Instability Index. To analyze the collected data, structural equation modeling, AMOS, maximum odds ratio, and the significant level of 0.05 were implemented.
Results: In the present study, the indirect pathway coefficients between agreeableness (p=0.003, β=-0.069), conscientiousness (p=0.001, β=-0.125), and extraversion (p=0.017, β=-0.042) were negative and significant with marital stability.
Conclusion: Agreeableness and honesty-humility, responsibility in conscientious couples, and decisiveness in extraterrestrial couples have led to considering the relationship to be interactive by the wives. To resolve the issue in the event of a conflict, considering the interests of both parties and acting fairly is important; eventually, such measures provide consent and stability to marital life.
Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The study population consisted of married males and females living in the 12 districts of Karaj City in the autumn and winter of 2017. Of them, a sample of 350 men and women were selected from recreational, cultural, and educational centers by convenience sampling technique. The study tools were the HEXACO Personality Inventory (Ashton & Lee, 2004), Perceived Equity Measure (Perry, 2004), and Marital Instability Index. To analyze the collected data, structural equation modeling, AMOS, maximum odds ratio, and the significant level of 0.05 were implemented.
Results: In the present study, the indirect pathway coefficients between agreeableness (p=0.003, β=-0.069), conscientiousness (p=0.001, β=-0.125), and extraversion (p=0.017, β=-0.042) were negative and significant with marital stability.
Conclusion: Agreeableness and honesty-humility, responsibility in conscientious couples, and decisiveness in extraterrestrial couples have led to considering the relationship to be interactive by the wives. To resolve the issue in the event of a conflict, considering the interests of both parties and acting fairly is important; eventually, such measures provide consent and stability to marital life.
Anita Nazaripour, Susan Laie,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: An effective method in teaching different concepts to students with learning disabilities is applying reverse learning methods in education, i.e., of vital importance. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of reverse learning on academic self–efficacy and learning math lessons in students with learning disabilities.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the study included all female high–school students (seventh grade) in Kermanshah City, Iran, in the academic year of 2017–2018. The study sample consisted of 50 students who were selected by a multistage cluster random sampling method and were randomly allocated into two groups of 25 people. Data collection tools consisted of McIlroy and Bunting (2001) Academic Self–Efficacy Scale (ASES) to measure academic self–efficacy and a researcher–made math test. The obtained data were analyzed at a significance level of α=0.05 in SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Academic Self–Efficacy Scale consists of 10 items, with answers ranging from totally disagree with (grade 7) to completely disagree using a 7–point Likert–type scale (Score 1). The questions 5, 6, and 9 are scored in reverse, i.e., the entire opposite option (grade 7) and the option “I totally agree” (score 1). Therefore, the scores of this questionnaire range from 10 to 70, and the higher scores indicate greater academic self–esteem. The scale’s validity was verified through content and face validity tests and using the opinions of the experts of the relevant field. To collect the required data, 20 questionnaires were used by teacher–made mathematical learning. This assay was based on learning the lessons of pages 1–68 of the 7th–grade math book using CDs, flashes, and educational software. The questionnaire was developed through content and face validity methods and using 5 experts’ opinions. The field of study has been reviewed and approved. The design of the reverse learning class included the instruction in mathematics based on the following headings (reversed in 8 sessions in the experimental group and the conventional methods were implemented for the control group). After 8 sessions, a questionnaire on academic empowerment learning was performed as a posttest survey. Then, the mean posttest score was compared with the pretest one.
Results: The MANCOVA results indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups by controlling the pretest effect and considering the corrected Alfa (0.525) in academic self–efficacy (p<0.001). Additionally, this difference was significant in learning the mathematical course (p<0.001). The mean scores comparison also suggested that the scores of academic and math self–efficacy of the experimental group significantly increased at the posttest. In other words, reverse learning was effective in learning self–efficacy and learning mathematical lessons in students with learning disabilities. Thus, about 39.8% of the academic self–efficacy and 18.1% of learning math student groups were affected by reverse learning.
Conclusion: The present study findings indicated that reverse learning was effective in academic self–efficacy and learning of math lessons in students with learning disabilities.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the study included all female high–school students (seventh grade) in Kermanshah City, Iran, in the academic year of 2017–2018. The study sample consisted of 50 students who were selected by a multistage cluster random sampling method and were randomly allocated into two groups of 25 people. Data collection tools consisted of McIlroy and Bunting (2001) Academic Self–Efficacy Scale (ASES) to measure academic self–efficacy and a researcher–made math test. The obtained data were analyzed at a significance level of α=0.05 in SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Academic Self–Efficacy Scale consists of 10 items, with answers ranging from totally disagree with (grade 7) to completely disagree using a 7–point Likert–type scale (Score 1). The questions 5, 6, and 9 are scored in reverse, i.e., the entire opposite option (grade 7) and the option “I totally agree” (score 1). Therefore, the scores of this questionnaire range from 10 to 70, and the higher scores indicate greater academic self–esteem. The scale’s validity was verified through content and face validity tests and using the opinions of the experts of the relevant field. To collect the required data, 20 questionnaires were used by teacher–made mathematical learning. This assay was based on learning the lessons of pages 1–68 of the 7th–grade math book using CDs, flashes, and educational software. The questionnaire was developed through content and face validity methods and using 5 experts’ opinions. The field of study has been reviewed and approved. The design of the reverse learning class included the instruction in mathematics based on the following headings (reversed in 8 sessions in the experimental group and the conventional methods were implemented for the control group). After 8 sessions, a questionnaire on academic empowerment learning was performed as a posttest survey. Then, the mean posttest score was compared with the pretest one.
Results: The MANCOVA results indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups by controlling the pretest effect and considering the corrected Alfa (0.525) in academic self–efficacy (p<0.001). Additionally, this difference was significant in learning the mathematical course (p<0.001). The mean scores comparison also suggested that the scores of academic and math self–efficacy of the experimental group significantly increased at the posttest. In other words, reverse learning was effective in learning self–efficacy and learning mathematical lessons in students with learning disabilities. Thus, about 39.8% of the academic self–efficacy and 18.1% of learning math student groups were affected by reverse learning.
Conclusion: The present study findings indicated that reverse learning was effective in academic self–efficacy and learning of math lessons in students with learning disabilities.
Somayeh Nazari, Saeid Hassanzadeh, Mohsen Shokoohi-Yekta, Seyed Kamal Kharrazi, Valioallah Farzad,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: It is hypothesized that there are deficiencies in the Executive Functions (EF) as well as specific–domains of mathematics learning, as the substructure of mathematical learning disabilities. Furthermore, there is a lack of process–based interventional programs, i.e., specially designed to use numerical and arithmetic materials for students with mathematical learning disabilities. Therefore, the present study aimed to design and validate a process–based program for enhancing EF in students with learning disabilities in mathematics, i.e., called "Farayesh."
Methods: The intervention program was designed after studying EF theoretical models and task paradigms. The Farayesh program was generated based on Diamond's EF theoretical model (2013) in three components of working memory, inhibition, and switching. The program training approach was process–based, and tasks’ content implements numerical materials and arithmetic processes. The Farayesh was presented in the form of 12 tasks with parallel forms. Four complex span tasks contain categorization span, subtraction span, computation span, and numerical dot–matrix used for working memory component. Four tasks comprise number–word Stroop, number–digit Stroop, size–magnitude Stroop, and stop–signal designed for inhibition component; four tasks are used for switching contain addition–subtraction switching, larger–than–smaller switching (with two rules), number–digit switching, and ones–tens switching. The face and content validity of the program was estimated using the views of 8 experts by the Content Validity Ratio (CVR). For assessing the effects of the program, a quasi–experimental research with a pretest–posttest and an active control group design was used. The research population comprised all third– and fourth–grade students with mathematical learning disabilities in governmental centers for individuals with learning disabilities in Ahvaz City, Iran. In total, 30 students were selected using a purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 17 sessions of the Farayesh program; however, the control group received their routine schedules. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition (WISC–IV) and IRAN KEY–MATH Test of Mathematics was used for recruiting eligible students. Scores, completion time, and the number of errors of the 12 tasks were considered as the pretest and posttest values to assess working memory, inhibition, and switching. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS at the significance level of α=0.05.
Results: The obtained data indicated the high reliability and validity of the process–based program of executive function (Farayesh) for students with mathematical learning disabilities. The CVR for all tasks was higher than those of the Lawshe table (CVR>0.75). Thus, the content validity of the program was established. The Farayesh program improved the frequency of correct responses of working memory (p<0.001) and reduced completion time and error in switching (p<0.001) and inhibition tasks (p<0.001) in the experimental group, compared with the controls.
Conclusion: The "Farayesh" program with a process–based approach to teaching core EFs (i.e., working memory, inhibition, & switching) and with a math–specific domain content could be used to stimulate and optimize the pre–existing cognitive capacity of students with mathematical learning disabilities. Implementing this program could improve dysexecutive functions in this group. Additionally, the present study result was consistent with the brain plasticity theory. In other words, it approved that with a sufficient amount of time and effort of cognitive exercises, the inherent capacity of biological, cognitive systems could be eliminated. The Farayesh program could be used as a preventive and therapeutic cost–effective intervention, i.e., especially for children with learning disabilities. The process–based program, "Farayesh," used for improving EFs, is recommended for educational, clinical, and therapeutic use in schools and rehabilitation centers due to its high reliability and validity.
Methods: The intervention program was designed after studying EF theoretical models and task paradigms. The Farayesh program was generated based on Diamond's EF theoretical model (2013) in three components of working memory, inhibition, and switching. The program training approach was process–based, and tasks’ content implements numerical materials and arithmetic processes. The Farayesh was presented in the form of 12 tasks with parallel forms. Four complex span tasks contain categorization span, subtraction span, computation span, and numerical dot–matrix used for working memory component. Four tasks comprise number–word Stroop, number–digit Stroop, size–magnitude Stroop, and stop–signal designed for inhibition component; four tasks are used for switching contain addition–subtraction switching, larger–than–smaller switching (with two rules), number–digit switching, and ones–tens switching. The face and content validity of the program was estimated using the views of 8 experts by the Content Validity Ratio (CVR). For assessing the effects of the program, a quasi–experimental research with a pretest–posttest and an active control group design was used. The research population comprised all third– and fourth–grade students with mathematical learning disabilities in governmental centers for individuals with learning disabilities in Ahvaz City, Iran. In total, 30 students were selected using a purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 17 sessions of the Farayesh program; however, the control group received their routine schedules. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition (WISC–IV) and IRAN KEY–MATH Test of Mathematics was used for recruiting eligible students. Scores, completion time, and the number of errors of the 12 tasks were considered as the pretest and posttest values to assess working memory, inhibition, and switching. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS at the significance level of α=0.05.
Results: The obtained data indicated the high reliability and validity of the process–based program of executive function (Farayesh) for students with mathematical learning disabilities. The CVR for all tasks was higher than those of the Lawshe table (CVR>0.75). Thus, the content validity of the program was established. The Farayesh program improved the frequency of correct responses of working memory (p<0.001) and reduced completion time and error in switching (p<0.001) and inhibition tasks (p<0.001) in the experimental group, compared with the controls.
Conclusion: The "Farayesh" program with a process–based approach to teaching core EFs (i.e., working memory, inhibition, & switching) and with a math–specific domain content could be used to stimulate and optimize the pre–existing cognitive capacity of students with mathematical learning disabilities. Implementing this program could improve dysexecutive functions in this group. Additionally, the present study result was consistent with the brain plasticity theory. In other words, it approved that with a sufficient amount of time and effort of cognitive exercises, the inherent capacity of biological, cognitive systems could be eliminated. The Farayesh program could be used as a preventive and therapeutic cost–effective intervention, i.e., especially for children with learning disabilities. The process–based program, "Farayesh," used for improving EFs, is recommended for educational, clinical, and therapeutic use in schools and rehabilitation centers due to its high reliability and validity.
Sakineh Jomenia, Ali Mohammad Nazari,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Marital conflict also has severe negative consequences for the family and children as the third side of the relationship. It has consequences, such as failed marriage and the repetition of patterns learned from parents' lives, high odds of personality disorders, anxiety, depression and adolescent delinquency, and high school problems for adolescents. The rising trends of divorce are considered the hallmarks of changes in the family in recent decades. The present study was necessary to conduct because the family is among the main institutions. Moreover, social elements and marital satisfaction, and quality of life of couples significantly impact their marital and individual interactions. Furthermore, the quality of marital relations and marital intimacy are essential constructs of marital life and greatly affect marital relations. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to these structures of married life and provide interventions to improve and enhance them. The present study aimed to determine the effects of an intervention protocol based on couple problems on improving marital satisfaction.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of all Turkmen couples. After implementing the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers & Olson, 1993) and scoring, 20 couples with a marital satisfaction score of less than 50 were identified and randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups (n=10 couples/group). The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers & Olson, 1993) was performed in the pretest and posttest. The experimental group received an intervention based on a couple of problems for eight 90–minute sessions. The intervention was derived from studying the theoretical background concerning marital satisfaction and semi–structured interviews with couples and experts and identifying categories as well as studying approaches and theories related to each factor, especially couples' relationship models and approaches. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics, including univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), were used in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The obtained results suggested that after controlling the pretest scores, there was a significant difference between the study groups in the mean posttest scores of marital satisfaction. Thus, the provided intervention improved contractual response (p<0.001), marital satisfaction (p<0.001), personality issues (p<0.001), marital relationship (p<0.001), conflict resolution (p<0.001), financial management (p<0.001), leisure activities (p<0.001), sex (p<0.001), marriage, children, relatives and friends (p<0.001), egalitarian roles (p<0.001), and ideological orientation (p<0.001) in the experimental group. Eta–squared of contractual response, marital satisfaction, personality issues, marital relationship, conflict resolution, financial management, egalitarian roles, leisure activities, sex, marriage and children, relatives and friends, and ideological orientation were calculated to be 0.50, 0.49, 0.40, 0.67, 0.58, 0.30, 0.62, 0.23, 0.42, 0.25, 0.39, and 0.20, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the current study findings, the intervention positively influenced marital satisfaction; therefore, this intervention can be used to improve couples' problems.
Golestan Nazari, Hassan Amiri, Karim Afsharinia, Keyvan Kakabraei,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Numerous couples who encounter conflicts present harmful perfectionism and irrational beliefs concerning marriage, which can be improved using different approaches. Successful marriage satisfies various biopsychological needs in couples. In case of failure, spouses, and especially their children, face severe psychological trauma. Thus, it is critical to investigate factors, such as irrational beliefs and negative perfectionism; consequently, such conditions generate anxiety in couples. Besides, it possibly reduces the durability and survival of marital bonds. Mindfulness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is considered to improve irrational beliefs and perfectionism in couples. Additionally, a practical psychotherapy method that targets inevitable problems is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). ACT is among the third wave behavioral therapy approaches. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the effects of MBCT and ACT on irrational beliefs and perfectionism in incompatible couples.
Methods: The statistical population of this study included all couples with marital disorders referring to a counseling center in Ilam City, Iran, from April 2018 to August 2018 (N=214). A sample of 30 couples was selected by the voluntary sampling method. Next, they were randomly assigned into two experimental and one control groups (n=10 couples/group). The experimental groups either received MBCT or ACT. The inclusion criteria of the study were as follows: couples with marital conflicts, minimum diploma education, passing at least 2 years and a maximum of 15 years of marriage history, and not simultaneously participating in other counseling or psychology sessions. The exclusion criteria included concurrent participation in another treatment program, having mental health disorders based on clinical interviews, and absence from>2 treatment sessions. Both interventions were performed in eight 90–minute weekly sessions for two months. The necessary data were collected using the Measures of Irrational Belief (Ellis, 1985) and the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Frost et al., 1990). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics, using univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test in SPSS.
Results: There was a significant difference between the mean values of the 3 groups respecting irrational beliefs (p<0.001). Therefore, there was a significant difference in posttest data after eliminating the pretest effects in this regard. The Eta–squared vale also indicated that 31% of the changes in irrational beliefs were due to the effect of the provided MBCT and ACT. The difference between the mean scores of the 3 groups in perfectionism was also significant (p<0.001). Therefore, there was a significant difference in the mean values of perfectionism between the MBCT and ACT groups. The Eta–squared value also revealed that 38% of the changes in perfectionism were induced by the effects of MBCT and ACT. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups concerning the therapeutic effects; both treatment approaches provided almost the same influence on reducing perfectionism (p=0.946) and irrational beliefs in the explored couples (p=0.450).
Conclusion: The present research data suggested that MBCT and ACT can be used to reduce irrational beliefs and perfectionism among incompatible couples in psychology and counseling centers. Therefore, these approaches could be implemented to improve the quality of marital relationships.
Methods: The statistical population of this study included all couples with marital disorders referring to a counseling center in Ilam City, Iran, from April 2018 to August 2018 (N=214). A sample of 30 couples was selected by the voluntary sampling method. Next, they were randomly assigned into two experimental and one control groups (n=10 couples/group). The experimental groups either received MBCT or ACT. The inclusion criteria of the study were as follows: couples with marital conflicts, minimum diploma education, passing at least 2 years and a maximum of 15 years of marriage history, and not simultaneously participating in other counseling or psychology sessions. The exclusion criteria included concurrent participation in another treatment program, having mental health disorders based on clinical interviews, and absence from>2 treatment sessions. Both interventions were performed in eight 90–minute weekly sessions for two months. The necessary data were collected using the Measures of Irrational Belief (Ellis, 1985) and the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Frost et al., 1990). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics, using univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test in SPSS.
Results: There was a significant difference between the mean values of the 3 groups respecting irrational beliefs (p<0.001). Therefore, there was a significant difference in posttest data after eliminating the pretest effects in this regard. The Eta–squared vale also indicated that 31% of the changes in irrational beliefs were due to the effect of the provided MBCT and ACT. The difference between the mean scores of the 3 groups in perfectionism was also significant (p<0.001). Therefore, there was a significant difference in the mean values of perfectionism between the MBCT and ACT groups. The Eta–squared value also revealed that 38% of the changes in perfectionism were induced by the effects of MBCT and ACT. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups concerning the therapeutic effects; both treatment approaches provided almost the same influence on reducing perfectionism (p=0.946) and irrational beliefs in the explored couples (p=0.450).
Conclusion: The present research data suggested that MBCT and ACT can be used to reduce irrational beliefs and perfectionism among incompatible couples in psychology and counseling centers. Therefore, these approaches could be implemented to improve the quality of marital relationships.
Seyed Rasoul Zirak, Tavakol Musa Zadeh, Vakil Nazari,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Drug abuse consequences affect numerous individual aspects of human life, such as mood, behavior, cognitive function, social and occupational performance, and marital relationships. Family is the most vulnerable institution in the society to drug abuse; due to dependence, the substance dependent’s caregiver is unable to play their role as the father of the family, the spouses of these people are exposed to serious physical, spiritual, psychological, social; thus, economic damages which despair and disappointment, fear, feeling guilty, suicide, depression, tension, and isolation are main relevant impacts. Therefore, psychological interventions are widely applied for this population and particularly their families. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on emotional distress and uncertainty–intolerance in drug abusers’ spouses.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population included all spouses (women) of drug abusers who were referred to addiction treatment centers in Ardabil City, Iran, in 2020. Using the convenience sampling method, 40 eligible individuals were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (n=20/group). The inclusion criteria were having no psychological problems and having basic literacy to complete the questionnaires; the exclusion criteria were unwillingness to participate in the study and absence from two intervention sessions. The experimental group received eight 70–minute weekly ACT sessions based on Hayes et al.’s (1999) training package; however, the control group received no intervention. For data collection, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS–21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and Uncertainty Tolerance Scale (Freeston et al., 1994) were used for the pretest and posttest examinations. Descriptive statistical methods, including mean and standard deviation, were applied; inferential statistics, including Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA), t–test, and Chi–squared test were also used in SPSS to analyze the obtained data. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.
Results: The present study results suggested that ACT significantly affected emotional distress and uncertainty intolerance. Therefore, this treatment reduced emotional distress components, including stress (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and depression (p=0.003) and decreased the uncertainty intolerance and its components, including passivity (p<0.001), being stressful (p=0.003), pessimistic (p<0.001), and uncertainty about the future (p<0.001) in the study sample.
Conclusion: The obtained findings indicated that ACT was effective in reducing the emotional distress and uncertainty–intolerance in drug abusers’ spouses. Therefore, family counselors and therapists can use the present study findings for clinical and therapeutic interventions.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population included all spouses (women) of drug abusers who were referred to addiction treatment centers in Ardabil City, Iran, in 2020. Using the convenience sampling method, 40 eligible individuals were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (n=20/group). The inclusion criteria were having no psychological problems and having basic literacy to complete the questionnaires; the exclusion criteria were unwillingness to participate in the study and absence from two intervention sessions. The experimental group received eight 70–minute weekly ACT sessions based on Hayes et al.’s (1999) training package; however, the control group received no intervention. For data collection, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS–21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and Uncertainty Tolerance Scale (Freeston et al., 1994) were used for the pretest and posttest examinations. Descriptive statistical methods, including mean and standard deviation, were applied; inferential statistics, including Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA), t–test, and Chi–squared test were also used in SPSS to analyze the obtained data. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.
Results: The present study results suggested that ACT significantly affected emotional distress and uncertainty intolerance. Therefore, this treatment reduced emotional distress components, including stress (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and depression (p=0.003) and decreased the uncertainty intolerance and its components, including passivity (p<0.001), being stressful (p=0.003), pessimistic (p<0.001), and uncertainty about the future (p<0.001) in the study sample.
Conclusion: The obtained findings indicated that ACT was effective in reducing the emotional distress and uncertainty–intolerance in drug abusers’ spouses. Therefore, family counselors and therapists can use the present study findings for clinical and therapeutic interventions.
Seyed Rasoul Zirak, Tavakol Musa Zadeh, Vakil Nazari,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), as a general problem and a pervasive disease, increases mortality and the economic costs for individuals and their families. The issue of drug use has always been among the factors that harm the family structure, especially spouses. The main problems in substance dependents’ spouses are despair, fear, guilt, suicide, depression, and isolation. Besides, these women are more prone to experience psychological distress (anxiety, stress, & depression) and a consequent desire for divorce. An efficient intervention in this regard is Emotion Regulation Training (ERT). ERT is a program that develops ER skills in individuals with mental disorders or those exposed to such conditions. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of ERT on emotional turmoil and the desire for divorce in the spouses of individuals with SUDs.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the study included all female spouses of individuals referring to SUDs treatment centers in Ardabil City, Iran, in 2019. Eligible participants were entered and randomly replaced in two groups of experimental and control (n=20/group). The sample size selection was conducted for experimental and quasi–experimental studies (≥15/group). The inclusion criteria included no psychological problems and minimum literacy to complete the questionnaires. The exclusion criteria consisted of unwillingness to participate in the program, and two consecutive absences from the intervention sessions. Considering the follow–up and encouragement of researchers to continue participating in the research of the subjects, in the present study, the study subjects did not fall; if any of the subjects remained from only one training session, the researcher of the above program conducted the group. To collect pretest–posttest data, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21 (Lavibund & Lavibund, 1995) and Divorce Desire Questionnaire (Rusbult et al., 1986) were used. The experimental group received nine 75–minute ERT sessions based on the emotion regulation training package (Berking and Whitley, 2014) and the control group remained without any interventions. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics, including univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA), Independent Samples t–test, and Chi–squared test were used in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The present research results indicated that ERT indicated a significant difference between the study groups in the desire to divorce (p=0.002), depression (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and stress (p<0.001). Therefore, part of the individual differences in desire for divorce, depression, anxiety, and stress was due to differences in group membership (the effect of the intervention). The effect of ERT on the desire to divorce, depression, anxiety, and stress was measured to be 0.233, 0.251, 0.440, and 0.380, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the current study findings, ERT effectively reduced emotional turmoil and desire to divorce among the spouses of substance abusers. Thus, family counselors and therapists can use these findings in clinical interventions.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the study included all female spouses of individuals referring to SUDs treatment centers in Ardabil City, Iran, in 2019. Eligible participants were entered and randomly replaced in two groups of experimental and control (n=20/group). The sample size selection was conducted for experimental and quasi–experimental studies (≥15/group). The inclusion criteria included no psychological problems and minimum literacy to complete the questionnaires. The exclusion criteria consisted of unwillingness to participate in the program, and two consecutive absences from the intervention sessions. Considering the follow–up and encouragement of researchers to continue participating in the research of the subjects, in the present study, the study subjects did not fall; if any of the subjects remained from only one training session, the researcher of the above program conducted the group. To collect pretest–posttest data, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21 (Lavibund & Lavibund, 1995) and Divorce Desire Questionnaire (Rusbult et al., 1986) were used. The experimental group received nine 75–minute ERT sessions based on the emotion regulation training package (Berking and Whitley, 2014) and the control group remained without any interventions. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics, including univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA), Independent Samples t–test, and Chi–squared test were used in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The present research results indicated that ERT indicated a significant difference between the study groups in the desire to divorce (p=0.002), depression (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and stress (p<0.001). Therefore, part of the individual differences in desire for divorce, depression, anxiety, and stress was due to differences in group membership (the effect of the intervention). The effect of ERT on the desire to divorce, depression, anxiety, and stress was measured to be 0.233, 0.251, 0.440, and 0.380, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the current study findings, ERT effectively reduced emotional turmoil and desire to divorce among the spouses of substance abusers. Thus, family counselors and therapists can use these findings in clinical interventions.
Mohammad Hussain Muhammadi Vand, Mansour Beyrami, Vakil Nazari, Ozra Ghaffari,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Volume 11, Issue 0 (Articles-1400 2021)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Marital satisfaction is among the factors in advancing and finding life goals and a more fundamental pillar of mental health in the family. Marital satisfaction can be considered as a psychological condition, i.e., precarious in the first years of life, and relationships are at a higher risk. Increasing divorce and marital dissatisfaction on the one hand and the request of couples to improve marital relations and increase intimacy, on the other hand, indicate the need for spouses to intervene and expert training concerning marital satisfaction. Improving marital satisfaction by teaching essential life skills is among the strategies that couples can use to manage their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Life skills increase couples' adaptation to the environment and its challenges and enable them to correspond with family, work effectively, and social environment issues efficiently. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effects of life skills training on the components of marital satisfaction in married women.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design and a control group design. The statistical population includes married women referring to counseling centers in Marand City, Iran, due to marital problems in 2020. Of them, 30 individuals with lower marital satisfaction on the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS; Fowers & Olson, 1993) (conducted by the facilitator) were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly placed into two groups. The inclusion criteria were having marital problems, including marital dissatisfaction diagnosed through the EMSS; no history of psychotherapy before the intervention; keeping the type and dose of the used drug constant during the research; the age of ≥18–50 years; satisfaction to participate in the research and providing a written informed consent form; absence of psychotic disorders and substance abuse. The experimental group received eight 60–minute weekly life skills training sessions; however, no intervention was performed for the control group. In pretest and posttest, the EMSS was performed. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics, including one–way univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The obtained results suggested that the mean scores of the components of marital satisfaction, including ideal distortion (p=0.022), financial management (p=0.042), family and friends (p=0.004), communication (p=0.034), sexual relationship (p=0.047), religious orientation (p=0.001), conflict resolution (p=0.005), children and parenting (p=0.045), and equalitarian roles (p=0.042) in married women in the experimental group, compared to their counterparts in the control group significantly improved at posttest. However, personality problems (p=0.275) and leisure activities (p=0.178) did not present any significant difference. Furthermore, in the general index of marital satisfaction, a significant difference was observed at posttest between the study groups (p=0.041)
Conclusion: According to the research findings, life skills training effectively affects the marital satisfaction of married women. Therefore, life skills training program can be used as a suitable measure to increase marital satisfaction in couples.
Mahsa Danesh, Ali Mohammad Nazari,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The family is one of the most important social systems based on marriage between the opposite sexes. However, no relationship, including marriage, is smooth. In all relationships, there is conflict and negative emotions. As a result, problems in intimate relationships ultimately affect each party. High divorce rates in Iran and the world clearly show marital problems. Couples usually experience incompatibility in the early years of marriage because they have not yet achieved sufficient mutual harmony. One center that covers couples in Iran is the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. Given the importance of marital relationships, effective methods should be used to prevent the adverse consequences of dysfunctional relationships, confusion and distress in families, divorce and family breakdown, and ultimately the breakdown of society. The importance of the family is felt in the individual and social life of human beings. Therefore, marriage can be considered one of the stages of human development.
Methods: This study sought to understand and recognize the mental experience of humans, so we employed a qualitative research design. Using a phenomenological approach, we conducted an in–depth study of the participants' mental experiences. The study's statistical population comprised all divorcing couples under the auspices of the Relief Committee in 2019. Fourteen couples from the Relief Committee were interviewed, and the relevant data were collected. In this method, MAXQDA software was used to analyze the qualitative data.
Results: Based on the results, 57 initial codes were identified out of 378 concepts. The results of axial coding revealed four categories of psychological and individual behavior (including a lack of self–confidence, suspicion and distrust, excessive psychological stress and anxiety, lack of motivation and enthusiasm for cohabitation, increased expectations, unrealistic expectations, and failure), socio–cultural category (including the elimination of the taboo of divorce in society, personality differences, early marriage, lack of support from married couples, quarrels, bad friends, the negative impact of media and social networks, differences in education), economic category (such as lack of financial support, weak government support policies, daily devaluation of money, problems with facilities, low income) and religious categories (such as non–adherence to moral and religious principles, atheism, weakness of religious beliefs, or reliance on God).
Conclusion: Based on the research findings, psychological and individual, cultural–social, economic, and religious factors are influential in marital problems of divorcing couples under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. Therefore, by teaching conflict resolution management to divorcing couples, institutionalizing a culture of patience and compromise, and using reliable counseling centers, the scope of disputes and conflicts can be reduced and controlled.
Mohammad Nazari, Bagher Ghobari Bonab, Abdolmajid Bahrainian, Kobra Haji Alizadeh,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: One of the fundamental concepts in psychotherapy is dysfunctional spiritual schemas. These schemas confuse and obscure people's relationship with God and destroy transparency. They create problems for the individual in order to adapt to the laws of God, society, and the environment and reduce the individual's adaptation. Dysfunctional spiritual schemas result in failure in doing jobs. Despite extensive search on popular Iranian and foreign websites, no standardized Persian or foreign scale was found to measure dysfunctional spiritual schemas. Considering the importance of a suitable tool for measuring dysfunctional spiritual schemas, we aimed to design a spiritual dysfunctional schema questionnaire and validate its psychometric properties.
Methods: The present research aims to design and validate a study instrument for measuring dysfunctional spiritual schemas. The study population comprised all staff working for Offshore Oil Company in 2019. A total of 200 individuals were selected by the purposive sampling method. The inclusion criteria included lacking a history of psychiatric disorder, not using specific drugs, giving informed consent to participate in the study, having avoidant and anxious attachment styles to God, and lacking physical limitations disrupting personal care. The exclusion criterion was lack of study cooperation. To design the questionnaire items, we reviewed the relevant texts and interviewed the experts and the target population. To check the content validity (content validity index and content validity ratio) and the face validity, 10 final users were used. Then, to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaire, the exploratory factor analysis method was used. To evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach alpha coefficient and test–retest method were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results of the qualitative content validity of the instrument led to the removal of 19 items and revision of 6 items, and finally, a questionnaire with 51 items was prepared. The mean ± SD age of the participants was 45.71±9.45 years. Factor analysis identified ten factors with a specific value of more than one, which together explain 56.75% of the variance. In other words, the dysfunctional spiritual schema questionnaire consisted of ten factors. The results of data analysis showed that the first factor has the highest eigenvalue and the observation of factor loads and factor structure also confirmed this finding. The Cronbach alpha subscales of this questionnaire were as follows: emotional deprivation of God, 0.91; spiritual abandonment, 0.79; spiritual defectiveness and shame, 0.81; spiritual vulnerability, 0.79; spiritual self–immaturity, 0.89; spiritual obedience, 0.76; stubborn spiritual criteria, 0.83; entitlement/spiritual magnanimity, 0.78; negativity/pessimism, 0.85; infidelity and polytheism, 0.82; and total questionnaire, 0.86. To evaluate the instrument's reliability, a correlation coefficient of 0.78 was obtained between two tests with one week interval, indicating the appropriate reliability of the questionnaire. The correlation coefficient subscales of this questionnaire were as follows: emotional deprivation of God, 0.76; spiritual abandonment, 0.7; spiritual defectiveness and shame, 0.71; spiritual vulnerability, 0.71; spiritual self–immaturity, 0.75; spiritual obedience, 0.69; stubborn spiritual criteria, 0.74; entitlement/spiritual magnanimity, 0.68; negativity/pessimism, 0.74; infidelity and polytheism, 0.73; and total questionnaire, 0.78.
Conclusion: According to the study findings, the dysfunctional spiritual schemas questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool, and the components of this questionnaire accurately measure the various dimensions and aspects of dysfunctional spiritual schemas. So, it can be used in research and consulting departments.
Mansour Nazari Chafjiri, Shahnam Abolghasemi, Mohammadreza Zarbakhsh Bahri,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Depression is a mental disorder whose main characteristic is having a state of anxiety in different situations for at least two weeks. Traumatic experiences and a disturbing family environment can be effective in the onset of depressive symptoms, so attachment injuries are among the main underlying factors in the formation of a depressive disorder. Positive psychological capital is a positive psychological state of life that includes productivity, hope, optimism and self–efficacy. Social support has been cited as a predictor of hope and an increased ability to cope with stress and difficult situations. Adolescents with hearing impairments due to physical disabilities and the resulting deprivations are often unable to form social and mutual relationships with their peers, and their emotional and social adjustment is difficult. Therefore, the quality of attachment with peers is low. This study aimed to develop a model for depression in hearing–impaired people based on attachment styles and psychological capital mediated by perceived social support.
Methods: This research is a correlational analytic study using structural equation modeling. The study’s statistical population comprised 1466 people with hearing impairments with active files in the Deaf Center of Rasht City, Iran, under the auspices of the Welfare Organization of Gilan Province, in 2020. A sample of 305 people was selected from the study population using a simple random sampling method. According to Klein (1998), if structural equation modeling is used, about 15 samples are needed for each manifest variable. Since there were 15 manifest variables in this study, 255 people were needed, but considering the possible dropout, 305 people were selected as the final sample. The inclusion criteria were mild to profound hearing impairment, no history of serious physical or psychological problems, no use of psychological medication, and no use of psychological therapies. The exclusion criteria included providing incomplete information and not answering all the questions of the questionnaires. Data collection tools were Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet et al., 1988), Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck et al., 1996), and Parent–Peer Attachment Scale (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). For data analysis, mean and standard deviation indices were used at the level of descriptive statistics. Inferential analysis of data was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling in SPSS software version 22 and LISREL version 8.80. The Bootstrap test was used to evaluate the mediating relationships. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.
Results: Findings showed that parental attachment (β=0.64, p<0.001) and psychological capital (β=0.61, p<0.001) had a positive and direct effect on perceived social support. Also, parental attachment (β=–0.38, p<0.001) and psychological capital (β=–0.41, p<0.001) had an inverse effect on depression. The indirect effect of parental attachment on depression was equal to β=–0.52 (p<0.001). The indirect effect of psychological capital on depression was equal to β=–0.49 (p<0.001). Good fit indices also supported the optimal fit of the research model with the collected data (RMSEA=0.035, AGFI=0.93).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, perceived social support has a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological capital with depression in people with hearing impairment.
Mohammad Reza Namaki Iraqi, Touraj Hashemi Nosratabad, Vakil Nazari, Mansour Beyrami,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Volume 12, Issue 0 (Articles-1401 2022)
Abstract
Background & Objective: According to previous research, several psychological interventions affect sports' behavioral, cognitive, and emotional efficiency. In this regard, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness–based neurocognitive skills training on the behavioral, cognitive and emotional efficiency of sports people. Therefore, the researchers sought to answer this question because no study was found that only examined the effect of mindfulness–based neurocognitive skills training on wrestlers and its effect on behavioral, cognitive, and emotional performance variables. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mindfulness–based neurocognitive skills training on wrestlers' behavioral, cognitive, and emotional performance.
Methods: The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study population was all professional wrestlers in different competitions in 2021. According to the health protocols, among the professional athletes, 30 people who met the inclusion criteria were voluntarily included in the study as a purposeful sample and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (each 15 subjects). The inclusion criteria were having at least two years of experience in wrestling, no history of psychological treatment before starting work, keeping the type and dose of medication used during the study if using the drug, being 15–35 years old, the subject's consent to participate in the research and obtain written consent, the absence of psychotic disorders and substance abuse. The study data were collected by the Jones et al.'s (2005) Sports Emotion Questionnaire, the Willy et al.'s (1998) Sports Confidence Resources Questionnaire, and the Researcher–Behavioral Efficiency Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using 1–way analysis of covariance and statistical software SPSS version 22. The significance level for all tests was set at 0.05.
Results: The results of the analysis of covariance showed that training of mindfulness–based neurocognitive skills in the posttest phase significantly increased the mean scores of behavioral (p=0.005), cognitive (p=0.001) and emotional (p<0.0001) efficiency scales between the experimental and control groups. There has been little research on anger in sports, but if mindfulness helps athletes achieve social well–being and reduce anxiety and stress, this training can undoubtedly be effective in reducing and reducing athletes' anger. Reducing the anger component of emotional productivity is effective, but more research is suggested. Researchers argue that increasing self–concept and self–esteem associated with mindfulness training is essential to building positive self–concept and self–esteem.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, mindfulness–based neurocognitive skills training was effective in athletes’ behavioral, cognitive, and emotional outcomes. Therefore, this training can be used as a program to increase the efficiency of athletes in various fields.
Muhammad Hussain Muhammadivand, Mansour Beyrami , Vakil Nazari, Ozra Ghaffari ,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (Articles-1402 2023)
Volume 13, Issue 0 (Articles-1402 2023)
Abstract
Abstract
Background & Objective: Promoting couple intimacy by teaching life skills is one way couples can use to manage their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Life skills increase couples' adaptation to the environment and its challenges, enabling them to deal effectively with family, work, and environmental issues. Life skills training helps people turn their knowledge, values, attitudes, and skills into practical tools. According to previous research, there are several psychological interventions for marital intimacy. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of life skills training on married women's marital intimacy subscales.
Methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose and causal-analytical in terms of data collection and processing. Also, the research method is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population includes married women referred to counseling centers in Marand City, Iran, due to marital problems. Among the clients, 30 women with poor marital satisfaction based on implementing Bagarozzi's Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire (conducted by the facilitator) were selected by the available sampling method and randomly placed in two groups. The samples were also evaluated with study questionnaires and related tools at the pretest and posttest stages. After selecting the samples and assigning them to the experimental and control groups, Bagarozzi's Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire was implemented on both groups as the pretest. Then, life skills training based on the relevant protocol only was held for the experimental group (in 8 60-minute sessions once a week). After completing the intervention, Bagarozzi's Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire ( 41-question form) was administered as a posttest in accordance with health protocols in two groups. It should be noted that life skills training was not performed in the control group. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results: The results of covariance analyses in the posttest showed that training life skills significantly increased the mean subscale components of marital intimacy, including emotional intimacy (p=0.024), psychological intimacy (p=0.045), intellectual intimacy (p=0.015), physical intimacy (p=0.048), aesthetic intimacy (p=0.050), and social intimacy (p=0.045) in married women in the experimental group compared to the control group. Also, there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the posttest with regard to the total marital intimacy index (p=0.009).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, life skills training is effective in the marital intimacy of married women. Therefore, it can be concluded that a life skills training program can be used as a suitable program to increase couples' marital satisfaction.
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