Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies

Abstract
Background & Objective: According to WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, treatment refers to a process in which the person who has substance abuse disorder is put under contact with a care system or a physician or any social service and moves in an interceptive direction in order to achieve the highest welfare, health and public health level (WHO, 1998). The aim of present study was to compare the effect of treatment programs of mandatory residential canters versus rehabilitation camps on life satisfaction, emotion regulation and mental health in males with substance abuse disorder in Sari-Iran.
Methods: This is a two-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research.  Convenience sampling was used to recruit 260 men with substance abuse disorder. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups in equal numbers, namely, those who were staying in mandatory residential centers, and those who were admitted to rehabilitation camps. One-way covariance (ANOCOVA) and analysis of multivariate variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that the both groups in the pre-intervention and post-intervention were significantly different (p<0.001) on life satisfaction, emotion regulation and mental health scales. The mean scores of life satisfaction scale in the participants who were admitted to the rehabilitation camps were higher than   those in the mandatory compulsory treatment on all scales except for mental health and emotion regulation. The mean score of mental health of the participants in compulsory treatment was higher than those of the rehabilitation camps. Regarding emotion regulation, no tangible difference was observed in the two groups’ performance.
Conclusion: The results highlighted the fact that no method can be effective alone. Therefore, each method can have its practical implications in substance abuse interventions and preventive measures. It can also be concluded that the treatment programs regardless of the particular method of treatment, voluntarily or compulsorily, may merely help those understanding and identifying their own solutions for getting to change and develop with an intention to recover.
 

Background & Objective: People with gastrointestinal and skin disorders are prone to severe psychological and physical damage—one of these potential damages is cognitive and emotion regulation problems. Cognitive emotion regulation refers to people's cognitive methods to solve unpleasant emotional experiences and increase or decrease excitement. One of the most critical injuries for any human being can be problems in the cognitive regulation of their emotions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in improving the emotion regulation strategy of people with gastrointestinal and skin disorders.
Methods: The present study was a quasi–experimental study in which a pre–test and post–test research design with a control group were used. The study's statistical population included all patients with skin and hair disorders and gastrointestinal disorders of psychosomatic origin who were referred to internal medicine and dermatology clinics and hospitals in Bukan from 2018–to 2019. 30 People were selected by a purposive sampling method. Criteria for entering the study included expressing satisfaction and ability to participate in training sessions, having gastrointestinal and skin disorders under the treating physician's approval, clinical documents and tests in the file, and criteria for leaving the study were unwillingness to continue cooperation and absence. Furthermore, they were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people, including an experimental group and a control group. (ACT) program based on Hayes (2002) approach was performed on the experimental group for eight sessions of 1.5 hours per month. Two sessions were held each week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. In the present study, a univariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data, and the research findings were analyzed using SPSS 23 software at a significance level of 0.05. In this study, descriptive statistical methods such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as the Shapiro–Wilkes test, Levin test, and analysis of covariance were used.
Results: Descriptive findings indicate the age of the subjects in the experimental group with a mean and standard deviation of 37.06 and 3.91, which includes 6 (40%) females and 9 (60%) males, and in the control group with a mean and standard deviation 38.60 and 2.69, which included 5 (33%33) females and 10 (66%66) males. Our groups were not significantly different in terms of age. Based on the results of the univariate analysis of covariance and due to the lower average scores of the experimental group in the post–test of cognitive emotion regulation scores, our ACT–based training program significantly improved the cognitive emotion regulation strategy of people with anxiety (p<0.001). It promoted the strategy of emotional and cognitive regulation of these people.
Conclusion: Overall, the results showed the effectiveness of the (ACT) in improving the emotion regulation strategy of people with gastrointestinal and skin disorders. Therefore this treatment can be used to reduce problems in emotion regulation, and improvement is recommended for its upgrade.

Background & Objectives: Adolescence is one of the most critical periods of life associated with significant physiological, psychological and social changes which have important effects on adolescent adjustment. Adolescents need to understand the world of adults and adults should understand the problems of adolescents. Adaptation is a mechanism that empowers people to solve adaptive problems and use emotional information; it also enables them to regulate the expression of emotions along with the context and environment. Compatibility has different dimensions: social compatibility, emotional compatibility, and academic compatibility. Adaptability in educational situations, referred to as "academic adaptability," includes the individual's ability to cope with academic demands and schoolwork. Emotion regulation is another key factor in well–being which plays an important role in adapting to stressful life events and can have tangible effects on students' academic performance. This study aimed to predict students' academic adjustment based on emotional regulation in students in Karaj.
Methods: The research method was correlational descriptive. The statistical population of this study included all senior male and female middle school students in the city of Karaj, Iran during the academic year of 2017–18. A sample of 200 students was selected by multi–stage cluster sampling from two boys’ and two girls' schools. The research samples were randomly selected from the third grade. The inclusion criteria were the students’ willingness to participate in the study, having the required physical and mental ability to participate in the study, and lacking history of mental illness based on the initial assessment by researchers. The exclusion criteria included reluctance to participate in the study or to continue the participation for any reason. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and the Academic Adjustment Questionnaire (Baker and Siryk, 1989) were distributed among participants. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis) to evaluate the relationships between variables, in SPSS version 23 software. The significance level of statistical tests was 0.05.
Results: The results showed a positive and significant relationship between academic adjustment and emotional regulation (r=0.901, p<0.001). Also, based on the results of regression analysis, the subscales of non–acceptance of negative emotions (β=0.462, p<0.001), difficulties engaging in goal–directed behaviors in times of helplessness (β=0.301, p<0.001), difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors in times of helplessness (β=0.172, p<0.001), limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies (β=0.395, p<0.001), lack of emotional awareness (β=0.183, p<0.001), lack of emotional clarity (β=0.145, p<0.001) and in general, emotional regulation (β=0.592, p<0.001) had a predictive role in explaining academic adjustment.
Conclusion: Based on the research findings, emotional regulation can predict academic adjustment in adolescents.

Background & Objectives: People with disabilities feel different emotions due to their special circumstances, which significantly impact the quality of work and their daily activities throughout life. These emotions can cause people with disabilities to adapt and their presence in the social environment to diminish. In psychology, emotions have a very sensitive and fundamental place, because their relationships to needs and motivations are significant and can be the root of many mental or emotional disorders. Emotional schema therapy argues that individuals have implicit theories about emotion and emotion regulation. Dialectical behavior therapy is another treatment that is considered in emotion regulation today. This treatment aims to achieve behavioral stability and emotional processing. Because of insufficient and necessary research in a society with disabilities and the importance and necessity of paying attention to this vulnerable group, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and emotional schema therapy on emotional regulation in physically disabled people.
Methods: The method of the present study was a quasi–experimental design with pretest–posttest and three–month follow–up with a control group. The statistical population was all 20 to 50 years old physically disabled people covered by Mashhad Welfare Organization, Mashhad City, Iran, in 2019. Forty–five subjects with inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study by a convenience sampling method. With personal consent, they were randomly divided into two experimental groups (dialectical behavior therapy and emotional schema therapy) and one control group (15 in each group). The inclusion criteria in the study were as follows: having only physical or mobility disabilities based on the diagnosis of the Welfare Medical Commission, participation of both sexes (male and female), having an age range between 20 and 50 years, holding a minimum diploma degree, not receiving concomitant therapies with research, having enough motivation and interest in treatment. The exclusion criteria included having major psychiatric disorders such as personality disorders, undergraduate education, severe medical and physical disorders, acute psychosocial problems, severe family and occupational problems affecting the treatment process; being abscent two sessions or more from intervention or concurrent participation in other psychotherapies. The study data were collected via the Emotional Cognitive Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2001) in the pretest and posttest phase for subjects in all three groups. For the experimental groups, dialectical behavioral therapy was performed in eleven 60–minute sessions based on the McKay et al. (2007) treatment protocol, and the emotional schema therapy based on Leahy treatment protocol (2015) was performed in eleven 60–minute sessions. No intervention was provided for the control group. Descriptive statistics indicators (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test) were used to analyze the data in SPSS software version 25. The significance level was considered 0.05 or less.
Results: The results showed that the effect of time and the interaction of time and group on the mean scores of the emotion regulation variable (adapted strategies and non–adapted strategies) were significant (p<0.001). The effect of the group on the mean scores of emotion regulation variables, including adapted strategies (p<0.001) and non–adapted strategies (p=0.043) was significant. Also, the mean scores of adaptive strategies of emotion regulation in the dialectical behavior therapy group were significantly lower than the emotional schema therapy group (p<0.001). The mean scores of adaptive strategies of emotion regulation in the emotional schem therapy group were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001). The mean scores of non–adapted emotion regulation strategies in the emotional schema therapy group were significantly lower than the control group (p=0.039). Also, in the experimental groups, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of emotion regulation (adapted strategies and non–adapted strategies) in the pretest and posttest stages (p<0.001) and pretest and follow–up (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the findings, the effectiveness of emotion therapy schema on adapted emotion regulation strategies is greater than dialectical behavior therapy. Therefore, therapists can use the schema of emotional therapy as one of the new models of cognitive–behavioral therapy to improve emotion regulation in people with physical and motor disabilities.

Abstract
Background & objective: Child abuse is defined as actions that have destructive physical and mental effects on the child's body and soul. Child abuse plays an important role in children's behavior and significantly affects their behavior. The physical effects of child abuse may appear immediately, but they also have a long–term impact on the family and social life of individuals. However, it is very difficult to separate the various aspects of child abuse. Neglected children have lower academic achievement, and abused children have more disciplinary problems at school. Abused children with less academic achievement are more likely to fail and perform worse on IQ tests. Today, machine civilization seems to have provided the ground for personal and social harm to the next generation. The present study was conducted to determine a relationship model between family function, marital functioning, and perceived social support of mothers with their child abuse mediated by emotional regulation to provide a model in primary school students.
Methods: The method of the present study was correlational with structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was the parents of mothers of students in Kerman City, Iran, in the academic year 2018–2019 (N = 8950). Sampling in the present study was performed in two parts: normative screening (n = 160) and model review (n = 280). The sampling method was a multi–stage cluster using the list received from the Kerman education administration. Then, four primary schools were selected from the primary schools in Kerman. Next, 70 students from each primary school were randomly selected using the list received from the primary school principals. Afterward, the study questionnaires were sent to their parents so that they could complete them. Data collection tools were the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnfsky et al., 2002), Family Performance Questionnaire (Stein et al., 1997), Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Soleimanian Edition, 1994), Sherborn & Stewart Social Support Questionnaire (Sherborn & Stewart, 1991) and Mohammad Khani Child Abuse Questionnaire (Mohammad Khani, 2013). To perform the inferential analysis and fitting model with the maximum likelihood estimate, fit indices and AMOS and SPSS version 19 were employed. The fit indices of χ² (<3), GFI (>0.90), AGFI (>0.90), CFI (>0.90), and RMSEA (<010) represent the suitable fit of the model. Also, the mediator and indirect effect in the proposed model were examined by the Preacher and Hayes statistical method (α=0.05).
Results: The study showed that the initial model did not fit the data well. However, the modified model showed a good fit with the data considering the indices GFI (0.93), NFI (0.94), CFI (0.96), and RMSEA (0.07). Also, based on the study findings, the marital functioning with direct effect (β =–0.140, p=0.009), indirect effect (β=–0.071, p=0.024), and overall with the total effect (β=–0.213, p=0.05) has reducing effect in child abuse behaviors. Also, the social support with direct effect (β=–0.474, p=0.682) and indirect effect (β=–0.225, p=0.007), and on the whole with the total effect (β=–0.692, p=0.05) has reducing effect in child abuse behaviors. Finally, the family function with the indirect path coefficient (β=–0.181, p=0.007) reduces child abuse behaviors.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, emotional regulation is an essential mediator in reducing child abuse behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested that in families where interactions and dynamics within the family are disrupted, training courses and interventions based on emotion self–regulation should be used to improve positive emotion regulation strategies to reduce the likelihood of child abuse behaviors.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Anxiety, as an integral part of people's lives, is an unpleasant and widespread feeling and state of concern with an unknown source and is accompanied by physiological and physical symptoms. It becomes a disorder when experienced abstractly and continuously and affects a person's daily functioning. One of the most common anxiety disorders is social anxiety disorder. About 7% of people experience social anxiety disorder during one year, which makes it one of the most common mental disorders. This disorder limits the quality and lifestyle of a person with social anxiety. It affects essential decisions in the person's life and, in most cases, causes the loss of many vital opportunities, especially for students. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy, relaxation, and cognitive–emotional regulation strategies on social anxiety and its symptoms among university students with social anxiety.
Methods: This quasi–experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The independent variable in this study was treatment with three methods (virtual reality therapy, relaxation, cognitive–emotional regulation), and the dependent variable was the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. The statistical population of the present study included all undergraduate students of Mazandaran University, Iran, in the academic year of 2019–20. Of these students, 48 samples were selected and randomly divided into four groups: virtual reality therapy (12 people), relaxation (12 people), cognitive–emotional regulation strategies (12 people), and control (12 people). The inclusion criteria were as follows: being a student at the undergraduate level of Mazandaran University, having social anxiety based on DSM–5 diagnostic criteria found on a structured diagnostic interview, and providing informed consent to participate in the research. Non–cooperation during the experiment and absence in the treatment sessions were considered the exclusion criteria. We used the Structured Clinical Interview (Mennin et al., 2002) and the Social Anxiety Scale (Liebowitz, 1987) to collect the study data. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate covariance (ANCOVA) were used in SPSS software version 21. The hypotheses were tested at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The findings showed that virtual reality, relaxation, and cognitive strategies of emotional regulation therapies were effective in reducing social anxiety and its symptoms (anxiety and avoidance) in students with social anxiety (p<0.001). Also, virtual reality therapy and emotional regulation cognitive strategies therapy were more effective than relaxation therapy in reducing social anxiety subscales (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Virtual reality therapy, relaxation therapy, and emotional regulation cognitive strategies are effective treatments to reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Among them, virtual reality therapy and cognitive–emotional regulation strategies are more effective and can be used more.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: The family as a social unit is the center of growth, evolution, change, and destruction. It serves as a foundation for the flourishing or collapsing of all relations between its members. One of the most common problems in couples is marital burnout, a painful physical, emotional, and psychological condition, affecting those who expect dream love to give meaning to their lives. The role of emotion among the factors preventing marital problems has been the subject of much research over the past few decades. One of the treatment models is couple therapy based on the Satir approach. This approach helps people to discover their dysfunctional patterns and understand and express their feelings through a level pattern. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of group counseling based on Satir's communication approach to marital burnout and emotional regulation.
Methods: This quasi–experimental research employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised all married women referred to counseling and family clinics in Tehran City, Iran, in 2021. Since the number of subjects in the groups in the quasi–experimental studies should be at least 15, we recruited 30 women using available sampling. We then randomly assigned them to the experimental and control groups (each group of 15 people). The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a higher–than–average score on the Marital Burnout Scale, showing commitment to attend the therapy sessions, holding a minimum diploma level, lacking specific mental illness using the Minnesota Multifaceted Personality Inventory (MMOI), and not participating in other therapeutic interventions. The exclusion criteria included the absence of more than three sessions from the intervention and non–compliance with group therapy rules. The study data were gathered from two groups in the pretest and posttest via the Marital Burnout Scale (Pines, 1996) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). A group counseling program based on Satir's communication approach was administered to the experimental group in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. The control group did not undergo any intervention. Data were analyzed in two sections: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were calculated. At the level of inferential statistics, univariate analysis of covariance, the independent t test, and the Chi–square test were performed in SPSS software version 24. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.
Results: The results showed that all subscales of marital burnout variable (physical fatigue, emotional fatigue, and psychological fatigue) (p<0.001) and cognitive emotion regulation variable (self–blame, acceptance, rumination, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, perspective–taking, catastrophizing and blaming others) (p<0.001) were significantly different between the experimental and control groups in the posttest, after removing the effect of the pretest.
Conclusion: According to the findings, group counseling based on the Satir communication approach facilitates direct dialogue between people, effectively improving and regulating couples' emotions and reducing marital burnout.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is one of the most common personality disorders in psychiatric situations. Emotional regulation plays a significant role in these patients. Emotion regulation refers to a person's ability to understand and accept his emotional experiences and behave in a healthy strategy to control unpleasant emotions when necessary. As one of the components of emotion regulation, the reappraisal strategy is a prediction–oriented strategy by which people change the emotional effect of that situation in a similar situation. Also, the expressive suppression component of emotion regulation is a response–oriented strategy used entirely in suppressing the expression of emotion. Many researchers were always trying to prove how different psychotherapies affect the reduction of BPD symptoms. Transference–focused psychotherapy (TFP) is one of the most effective treatments for borderline personality disorder. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of transference–focused psychotherapy on emotional regulation in patients with borderline personality disorder.
Methods: This study was a semi–experimental, single–subject A–B–A design. Among the clients with BPD who referred to the Sirjan psychotherapy and counseling clinic (Hadi) in the latter part of 2020 and early part of 2021, three persons (qualified volunteers) were selected by available sampling through a clinical interview, performing Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI–III) (Million, 1994) and the Personality Organization Questionnaire (Kernberg, 2002). Three qualified volunteers diagnosed with borderline personality disorder were selected as subjects. After they met the research conditions, individuals entered the treatment process for twelve months and a four–month follow–up period. Inclusion criteria were: having the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder; Willingness to cooperate to receive counseling intervention and agreeing to the goals and conditions of the treatment; Obtaining written consent from the subject to participate in the research; Having third middle school; Placement in the age range between 18 and 50 years; having cognitive ability appropriate to the treatment; not receiving psychotherapy services at least in the last two months; Not using psychiatric drugs and not abusing or depending on substances for at least three months before entering the study. Data were collected using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) in three stages baseline, treatment and follow–up in 16 months. Statistical analysis of the data was done using indexes of visual analysis, recovery percentage, effect size and reliable change.
Results: The results of the recovery percentage index in the treatment and follow–up stages, were respectively, for expressive suppression strategy in the first client (23.99 and 49.32), the second client (25.00 and 49.30) and the third client (32.72 and 55.88) and were for reappraisal strategy in the first client (74.32 and 143.24), the second client (58.72 and 119.77) and the third client (50.00 and 92.45). This indicated an increase in the recovery percentage index during treatment and follow–up. All results of the reliable change index in the treatment and follow–up stages were greater than 1.96, and Cohen's effect size was above the average, indicating the treatment's effectiveness and maintenance.
Conclusion: According to the results, the twelve months of transference–focused psychotherapy could effectively increase the reappraisal strategy and decrease the expressive suppression strategy in borderline personality disorder patients. In order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of treatment, it is imperative to conduct further research and delve deeper into its various dimensions.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Anxiety disorders are influential in many aspects of a person's life in such a way that most of the affected people become withdrawn and isolated. Although anxiety is not a psychological sign of pathology and every person may experience it in life, when its level and intensity exceed a certain limit, it leads to confusion in a person and can destroy his authority and performance. New conceptualizations have emphasized the importance of emotions, especially emotional regulation and personality traits such as extroversion and neuroticism, in the production and persistence of anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder. On the other hand, one of the characteristics of people that can affect the way and extent of dealing with sources of anxiety and emotional disturbances is psychological hardiness. So that people with higher psychological toughness have better resilience against anxiety. Therefore, considering that we are witnessing an increase in the prevalence of anxiety among different strata of society, and anxiety is associated with an increase in medical expenses and a decrease in individual, occupational, and social performance, the present study was conducted to develop a structural model of the relationship between personality traits and emotional regulation with the mediating role of psychological toughness in patients with anxiety.
Methods: The present study was a structural equation modeling correlation. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with anxiety referred to psychological counseling and services centers in Tehran City, Iran, in 2021–2022. Of them, 300 people were selected by random multi–stage cluster sampling according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The criteria for entering the sample group were as follows: receiving a diagnosis of anxiety disorder by the counseling and psychological services center, lacking any other coexisting disorder, being 20–45 years old, having consent to participate in the research, and having normal intelligence based on the file in the center. The exclusion criteria included lack of motivation of the participants and incomplete completion of the questionnaires. The data collection tools in the current research included the Personality Traits Scale (Costa and McCree, 1992), the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003), and the Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire (Kobasa, 1979). After the research implementation, the research data was analyzed using structural equation modeling and path analysis, and the test of mediating effects in the proposed model with the bootstrap method using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software was performed.
Results: The results of structural equation modeling supported the suitable fit of the proposed model (goodness of fit=0.983, comparative fit index= 0.991, root–mean–square error = 0.069, and root mean square residual= 0.033). The bootstrap method estimated the coefficient relations of direct, indirect, and total effects. The results showed that the personality traits of agreeableness through psychological hardiness had indirect effects on re–evaluation (p< 0.001, β=0.2263) and suppression (p<0.001, β=–0.1910) and responsibility trait on re–evaluation (p<0.001, β=0.0893) and suppression (p<0.001, β=–0.0754). In addition, the psychotic trait personality through psychological hardiness has a direct effect on re–evaluation (p<0.001, β=–0.0813).
Conclusion: The results showed that psychological toughness could mediate the relationship between personality traits and emotional regulation. Therefore, health therapists can pay attention to the findings of this study and the relationship between psychological hardiness and personality traits to enrich their diagnostic formulation in terms of emotional regulation of anxiety patients.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: In recent years, divorce has become one of the widespread forms of social harm in Iran. Research shows that one of the most important reasons for filing for divorce is a decrease in marital satisfaction. Marital satisfaction becomes a key factor in maintaining the family. Also, the inability to regulate emotions causes the marriage to become aggressive arguments, and the husband and wife deal with severe problems instead of solving the problem in the conflict. Resilience is also one of the influential factors in filing for divorce in such a way that low resilience makes a person unable to bear small problems and think about divorce very quickly when faced with the issues of cohabitation. Dialectical behavior therapy is a therapeutic method whose effectiveness has been confirmed in treating many problems. This treatment method can also be used to improve marital issues. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy on marital satisfaction, emotional regulation, and resilience of women applying for divorce in Tehran City, Iran.
Methods: The present research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with a control group. The research sample consisted of 44 women applying for divorce who were registered in the Tasmim system. They were selected as available and randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups (22 people in each group).
The inclusion criteria were as follows: registering divorce in the Welfare Tasmim system, holding at least a Diploma, without acute personality disorder, and no addiction to opium. The exclusion criteria were as follows: absence of more than one session from intervention sessions and using influential drugs on the individual concerning psychology. The experimental group underwent dialectical behavioral therapy interventions for 8 sessions of 90 minutes based on the dialectic behavior therapy sessions of Marshall Linehan's protocol (2018), and the control group did not receive any intervention. Enrich (1998), Gratz and Romer (2004) emotional regulation, and Corner and Davidson (2003) resilience questionnaires were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using variance analysis and repeated measurement.
Results: Variance analysis with repeated measurement showed a significant difference between factors (pretest, posttest, and follow–up) related to all three variables of marital satisfaction, emotional regulation, and resilience (p<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the scores of the two experimental and control groups in these variables (p<0.01). In other words, dialectical behavior therapy has been effective in improving marital satisfaction, emotional regulation, and resilience of women seeking divorce. To investigate the difference between the three stages in terms of the effectiveness of the intervention, an LSD post–hoc test was used. Based on the post–hoc LSD, there is a significant difference in all three variables of marital satisfaction, emotional regulation, and resilience between the pretest and posttest, as well as between follow–up and pretest. However, there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow–up (marital satisfaction p=0.154; emotional regulation p=0.432; resilience p=0.136), so the intervention plan effectively improved both variables. Also, the effects of the interventions remained stable during the two months.
Conclusion: Dialectical behavior therapy seems beneficial in increasing marital satisfaction, improving emotional regulation, and increasing the resilience of divorce applicants. Also, dialectical behavior therapy can be considered an effective way to solve the problems of the divorce applicant.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Obesity is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, and its control and treatment are outside the scope of a single discipline. Emotion regulation is considered one of the dimensions of obesity pathology. The inability to regulate emotion also affects eating behavior. Emotion is one of the most important psychological factors in eating. Emotion regulation refers to people's efforts to influence and express their emotions. Another psychological factor that may play an important role in obesity among obese women is life orientation. Mindfulness–based stress reduction is effective in the psychological and behavioral characteristics of obese women. Mindfulness–based stress reduction is how mental skills are developed. This approach combines mental meditation, body cognition, and Yoga. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness–based stress reduction therapy in emotion regulation and life orientation among obese women.
Methods: The present research was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design and a control group. The statistical population included all obese women referred to counseling centers for 12 months from March 2018 to March 2019 in Malayer City, Iran (n=492). The sample size was selected based on the minimum sample size in experimental studies. A total of 30 people (2 groups of 15 people, including one experimental and one control group) were selected as the study sample using the available sampling. The inclusion criteria were body mass index of 30 kg/m² and above, satisfaction with participating in the counseling course, and not receiving psychological treatment. Subjects responded to the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Granefski et al., 2002) and Life Orientation Test–Revised (Scheier et al., 1994) before and after the interventions and in the follow–up phase (after three months). The experimental group received a mindfulness program in 8 90–minute sessions. The study data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that mindfulness–based stress reduction significantly improved the regulation of positive and negative emotions and life orientation of obese women (p<0.001). Also, after three months, the average follow–up scores showed the stability of changes over time.
Conclusion: Mindfulness–based stress reduction by changing people's lifestyles, thoughts, and cognition leads to an increase in positive emotion and life orientation and a decrease in negative emotion in obese women.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Children with behavioral disorders display severe and socially unacceptable patterns of behavior. A persistent pattern of impulsive, defiant, and hostile behavior marks oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). In children, ODD can significantly disrupt family dynamics, particularly marital relationships. Marital intimacy, a crucial aspect of these relationships, encompasses the emotional bond, effective communication, and physical affection shared between partners. Besides marital intimacy, the emotional regulation of parents, especially mothers, is another critical factor in these families. Family cohesion is another influential element in this population and relationships. Also, family cohesion significantly influences parent–child relationship dynamics. The parent–child relationship, a distinct and vital bond, serves as the cornerstone of a child's social and behavioral development, profoundly impacting their overall well–being. This study sought to establish a structural model that investigates the relationship between family cohesion, maternal emotional regulation difficulties, and marital intimacy among mothers of children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, with a specific emphasis on the mediating role of parent–child interaction.
Methods: This descriptive–correlational study utilized structural equation modeling to investigate the research questions. The study population comprised mothers of children diagnosed with ODD who were enrolled in schools located in districts 10 and 11 of Tehran City, Iran, in 2023. The selection of districts 11 and 12 was based on the approval and recommendation of the Central Department of Education of Tehran. These two districts were chosen from among the educational districts in Tehran. Following this selection, screening and selecting specific schools within districts 11 and 12 commenced. A convenience sample of 202 mothers was selected from schools in these two districts. The sample size was determined based on the rule of the number of observed variables, requiring 10 samples per variable. Given the 14 identified variables in the model, the sample size 202 slightly exceeded the minimum requirement. The study utilized the Child–Parent Relationship Scale (Driscoll & Pianta, 2011), the Family Organized Cohesiveness Questionnaire (Fisher et al., 1992), Marital Intimacy Scale (Walker & Thompson, 1983), and Emotional Regulation Difficulty Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 29. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.
Results: The findings revealed that family cohesion (p<0.001, β=0.55) and emotional regulation difficulty (p<0.001, β=–0.18) significantly impacted marital intimacy. Additionally, the study confirmed the significant mediating role of the parent–child relationship in the indirect relationship between family cohesion (p<0.001, β=0.238) and emotional regulation difficulty (p<0.001, β=–0.168) with marital intimacy. Furthermore, the model fit indices indicated a good fit between the structural model and the research data (χ²/df=2.055, RMSEA=0.072, IFI=0.956, CFI=0.957, PNFI=0.673, PCFI=0.710, GFI=0.923).
Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the importance of considering causal and influential factors, such as the parent–child relationship, emotional regulation difficulties, and family cohesion when developing therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing marital intimacy among mothers of children with the oppositional defiant disorder.