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Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background & Objective: In todaychr('39')s complex world, every country and nation, with every point of view and belief, and with every political and social system, pays special attention to the issues of higher education. This shows the importance of education on the one hand and the need for human life on the other. Today, what is referred to as civilization and the proud human culture is an achievement and knowledge based on the educational system. Academic performance is one of the most important concerns of the educational system and shows the success of the educational system in targeting and paying attention to meeting individual needs; therefore, the educational system can be considered successful and efficient when the educational performance of its learners reaches the highest and highest figure.
Since the final and standard product is evaluated to evaluate the effectiveness of each activity and program, in the education system, this is done by examining the academic performance of students. Academic performance depends on a variety of factors that can affect a personchr('39')s performance in the educational environment in certain situations. Identifying the factors affecting studentschr('39') progress and academic performance creates an appropriate approach to planning, developing and evolving educational programs so that the best possible results can be achieved for both the desired educational development and for students.
This study was aimed at determining the association of life expectancy and self-regulation with academic performance and mediation of the family emotional atmosphere of female secondary school students.
Methods: The present study was carried out by correlation method and it addressed the mediating role of family emotional atmosphere through using structural equations. The statistical population of the study included all female secondary school students in Tehran in the academic year of 2018-19. The study sample included 330 students in the studied society and multi-stage cluster sampling and then random method were used to select the sample. Questionnaire was the data collection tool and in this study, in addition to the researcher-made demographic form, Pham and Taylor Academic Performance questionnaire (1999), Buffard Self-Regulation questionnaire (1991) , Schneider Life Expectancy questionnaire (1991) and Hill Bern family emotional climate questionnaire(1964) , was used. In this study, in the structural model, Bootstrap method was employed in order to examine the impact of mediating role among the studied variables and the association between life expectancy and academic performance and mediating role of family emotional climate was investigated.
Results:The results revealed that the association between self-regulation and academic performance with the mediating role of family emotional climate did not have significant full effects, direct effects, and indirect effects; i.e. there was not any mediating effect.
Conclusion: The family emotional climate is not able to mediate the association between self-regulation and academic performance.
Keywords: Academic Performance, Self-Regulation, Life Expectancy, Family Emotional climate.
Abstract
Background & Objective: In todaychr('39')s complex world, every country and nation, with every point of view and belief, and with every political and social system, pays special attention to the issues of higher education. This shows the importance of education on the one hand and the need for human life on the other. Today, what is referred to as civilization and the proud human culture is an achievement and knowledge based on the educational system. Academic performance is one of the most important concerns of the educational system and shows the success of the educational system in targeting and paying attention to meeting individual needs; therefore, the educational system can be considered successful and efficient when the educational performance of its learners reaches the highest and highest figure.
Since the final and standard product is evaluated to evaluate the effectiveness of each activity and program, in the education system, this is done by examining the academic performance of students. Academic performance depends on a variety of factors that can affect a personchr('39')s performance in the educational environment in certain situations. Identifying the factors affecting studentschr('39') progress and academic performance creates an appropriate approach to planning, developing and evolving educational programs so that the best possible results can be achieved for both the desired educational development and for students.
This study was aimed at determining the association of life expectancy and self-regulation with academic performance and mediation of the family emotional atmosphere of female secondary school students.
Methods: The present study was carried out by correlation method and it addressed the mediating role of family emotional atmosphere through using structural equations. The statistical population of the study included all female secondary school students in Tehran in the academic year of 2018-19. The study sample included 330 students in the studied society and multi-stage cluster sampling and then random method were used to select the sample. Questionnaire was the data collection tool and in this study, in addition to the researcher-made demographic form, Pham and Taylor Academic Performance questionnaire (1999), Buffard Self-Regulation questionnaire (1991) , Schneider Life Expectancy questionnaire (1991) and Hill Bern family emotional climate questionnaire(1964) , was used. In this study, in the structural model, Bootstrap method was employed in order to examine the impact of mediating role among the studied variables and the association between life expectancy and academic performance and mediating role of family emotional climate was investigated.
Results:The results revealed that the association between self-regulation and academic performance with the mediating role of family emotional climate did not have significant full effects, direct effects, and indirect effects; i.e. there was not any mediating effect.
Conclusion: The family emotional climate is not able to mediate the association between self-regulation and academic performance.
Keywords: Academic Performance, Self-Regulation, Life Expectancy, Family Emotional climate.
Volume 8, Issue 0 (4-2018)
Methods: The research was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all elderly women in Kerman who resided in nursing homes in 1397. Among the elderly residents, two randomized centers were selected and then, referring to these two centers, 24 elderly women were selected randomly and divided into two groups of experimental and control groups (12 each). The experimental group received eight sessions of group therapy. The control group did not receive an intervention during this period. The research tools included Miller's Life Expectancy Questionnaire (1997) and Russell et al. (1980). After eight sessions, gestalt therapy again performed from both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and covariance at a significant level (p<0.05).
Results: The results showed that after comparing the mean scores and standard deviation of the pre-test and post-test of the two groups, the mean scores and standard deviation of the experimental group in the post-test were significantly different from the pre-test. The results of covariance analysis showed that group gestalt therapy had a significant effect on life expectancy and loneliness in elderly women (p<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, group gestalt therapy with an emphasis on the present, awareness, and feeling of being perfect helps the elderly to assume responsibility for their lives. Additionally, the elderly find that there is no need for dependence on others and that an independent creature can be created; and aging is part of the process of human development. Hence, they can overcome their sense of loneliness and improve their liveliness. In the field of application, it suggested that in nursing homes, the group's gestalt therapy program should be used as a proposed treatment. By teaching gastalt therapies to the elderly, effective steps can be taken to improve their mental and physical health.
Volume 9, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Methods: The research applied (in terms of purpose and conditions of data collection method) descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of included all patients with congested heart disease and outpatients from April to the end of June 2018 who were admitted to Farshchian Hospital and outpatients referred to the clinic and heart clinic, as well as the private clinic of heart in Hamedan (Hamedan province, West of Iran). The method of sampling in this study was that from the list of patients referring to the hospitals and clinics of heart rehabilitation centre of Hamadan. Conditions entry into the present study were surgery, admission and ambulatory treatment. With the available sampling method, 250 people selected and completed the relevant questionnaires — this research conducted in a field and library manner. In the field method, using the questionnaire and its distribution in cardiovascular patients, the data needed to be analyzed, and in the library method, using the vector of the relevant books, scientific articles, the research sites and journals of the theoretical and empirical backgrounds related to the present research were collected. The present investigation was correlation research using "structural equation modelling" methods, which was studied through modelling and analyzing the correlation path between each of the variables. The structural equation modelling method is used in two stages to test the pattern, which includes the test of the model of measurement and structural. The measurement model examines the validity and validity of measurement instruments, research structures and tests the structural pattern of the hypotheses and relationships of the variables. The research tools consist of quality of life questionnaires (Varsharbun, 1992), cognitive emotion regulation (Garneschi et al., 2001), five factors of the Neo character (Costa and McCraey, 1992) and the life expectancy test (Miller and Powers, 1988). SPSS-22 and AMOS-22 were used to analyze the data. In general, using the structural equation modelling technique and using the Amos-22 software, the research hypotheses are tested. The most current statistical fitness indexes of the model including absolute fitness (Chi-square, CMIN, fit indices) (Root Mean Squared Estimate Error (RMSEA), normalized equilibrium index (PNFI), and adaptive adjustment indicators (CFI), Benthaler-Bonte (NFI), Tucker-Louis index (TLI) calculated. Standard fit indices presented in the measurement models for the research variables below each form. Fit if the ratio of Q2 to the degree of freedom was less than two, the model had a suitable fit, the RMSEA index was less than 0.05, and the other indicators were also preferable to the one closer to each other.
Results: There was a significant relationship between life expectancy, personality traits and emotion regulation, with standard coefficients of 0.75, 0.63 and 0.37 with quality of life variable at 1% error level, respectively (p<0.01). By fitting the structural equation model and fitting the final model, the fitting indices for Chi-square with the value (CMIN=632.752, NPAR=67, p=0.056), TLI=0.996, CFI=0.935 and NFI=0.962. On the other hand, the value of the normalized fitting index (PNFI) equalled 0.578 and RMSEA was 0.045. These values, albeit meaningfully, of the Chi-square, indicate that the model obtained has a suitable fit for the data.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, holding workshops for patients in the early stages and during treatment for education (hope for treatment) and modifying the type of personality is a very useful and preventing exacerbation of the disease.
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Methods: Investigating the effect of applying the educational package to overcome LH in helplessness women with breast cancer was conducted in two stages. To adjust in the first phase, we employed a qualitative research method based on content analysis. Furthermore, in the second stage, a quantitative research method in the form of a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design (one group received the educational program & the other one was the control group) was performed. In the qualitative part of this study, the statistical population included experienced by university experts, directors, and positive psychology intervention experts. In this study, the number of selected samples equaled 12. To evaluate the validity of the final protocol, a content validity approach was used. In the qualitative study of the content, experts were requested to submit their comments following a qualitative review of the tool; according to which the issues were corrected. The content validity correlation coefficient was quantitatively employed to evaluate the Content Validity Ratio (CVR). The calculated CVR equaled 0.88, which indicated the desirable content validity of the protocol. The study samples of the quantitative part of the research were women with breast cancer referring to the health department of the Cancer Research Center and Vali–e–Asr clinic in Imam Khomeini Hospital, in 2018. In this regard, 30 individuals were selected by the targeted sampling method and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. After initial sampling, 30 subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups; each group included 15 subjects. Then, for the experimental group, the protocol was performed in 12 one–hour sessions twice a week. After collecting the completed questionnaires, the pretest and posttest data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). To collect the required data, the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) (Peterson & Seligman, 1984) was used.
Results: The results of the first phase indicated that there were 5 main themes, including documentary retraining, cognitive reconstruction, goal management, immunity against stress, and acceptance. Furthermore, there were 13 conceptual categories, including positive thinking skills, adaptive attribution styles, catastrophic, extreme generalization, mind–reading, meaning in life, attitude toward the future, determining and following targeted behaviors, coping strategies, resilience, mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, acceptance and commitment for determining the effective characteristics and factors to overcome LH according to which the intervention package was developed. Surveying the quantitative part signified that training to overcome LH included the following results. While the study revealed a reduction in the negative internal/external styles (F=23.829, p<0.001), negative stability/instability (F=14.131, p<0.010), and negative general/specific style (F=19.081, p=0<0.001), it indicated an increase in positive styles, i.e., positive internal/external style (F=7.868, p=0.010), positive stability/instability (F=7.110, p=0.014), and positive general/specific style (F=10.943, p=0.003).
Conclusion: In an intensive intervention to overcome LH, a patient with breast cancer, by applying effective problem–oriented coping styles in addition to adaptive attributional styles, used her cognitive skills to explain the stress caused by illness. The study subjects could find appropriate solutions to reduce anxiety. Thus, reducing stress increased self–confidence and improved the patient’s health status.
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Methods: This was a descriptive–analytic and correlational research. The statistical population of the study included all mothers of elementary school students with SLD at exceptional children schools in Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year of 2018–19. A sample of 180 mothers with their children was selected through convenience sampling technique. The required data were collected using the Rotter's Locus of Control Scale (1966), Oxford Happiness Inventory (1995), and Snyder Hope Scale (1995). Pearson’s correlation and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were used for data analysis (α=0.05). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS.
Results: According to the achieved results, there was a positive and significant relationship between the LoC and mothers' life expectancy (p=0.005). MANCOVA data for predicting life expectancy indicated that an internal LoC had a positive and significant relationship with life expectancy in the studied mothers (p=0.024). The results also signified a positive and significant relationship between LoC and the investigated mothers' happiness (p<0.001). According to the MANCOVA results for predicting happiness, LoC had a positive and significant relationship with the investigated mothers' happiness (p=0.025).
Conclusion: LoC significantly affects predicting the life expectancy and happiness of the mothers of children with SLD.
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Methods: The present study was a descriptive–analytical correlational. The statistical population consisted of all mothers with children with special learning disabilities whose children were studying in primary schools in Tehran in the academic year of 2009–2010. Using the available sampling method, 180 mothers of these children were selected as the sample. Criteria for mothers' inclusion in the study included having a child with a specific learning disability, lack of hearing impairment, uncorrected vision with glasses, lack of physical and motor impairment, lack of mental, developmental and acquisition impairment in children and minimum education level for mothers. The criteria for excluding mothers from the study were their unwillingness to participate in this study. Positive Thinking Questionnaire (PTI) (Ingram & Wisnicki, 1988), Miller Hope Scale (MHS) (Miller & Powers, 1988) and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (KPDS) (Kessler et al., 2010) were used to collect data, and Pearson correlation and Multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data 0.05. Data were also analyzed using SPSS21 software.
Results: According to the demographic information of the mothers participating in this study, 122 (67.8%) of the mothers were housewives and 58 (32.2%) were employed. The level of education of 30 people (16.7%) was less than diploma, 47 people (26.1%) had a diploma, 65 people (36.1%) had a master's degree and 38 people (21.1%) had a bachelor's degree or more. 110 (61.1%) of these children were girls and 70 (38.9%) were boys. The results Positive self–assessment (B=0.615, p=0.001), positive future expectations (B=0.591, p=0.001), self–confidence (B=0.527, p=0.005), others' self–assessment (B=0.491, p=0.011), and positive daily functioning (B=0.487, p=0.019), were able to predict life expectancy, and positive self– assessment was more predictive than other components. In explaining life expectancy from positive daily functioning, positive self–assessment, others' self–assessment, positive future expectations and self–confidence, it can be said that the fitted model was able to explain and predict 0.49 of the variance of variable life expectancy. Positive future expectations (B= –0.588, p= 0.001), positive self–assessment (B= –0.556, p= 0.001), daily positive performance (B= –0.526, p= 0.009), others' self–assessment (B= –0.498, p= 0.016) and self–confidence (B= –0.472, p= 0.021) were able to predict psychological distress. Based on the standardized coefficients of estimation, it can be said that positive expectations of the future became the predictor of psychological distress more than other components. In explaining psychological distress from daily positive functioning, positive self–assessment, others' self–assessment, positive future expectations and self–confidence, it can be said that the fitted model was able to explain and predict 0.42 of the variance of variable psychological distress.
Conclusion: Positive thinking plays an essential role in predicting life expectancy and psychological distress of mothers with children with special learning disabilities.
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Methods: This was a descriptive–analytical and correlational study. The statistical population of the study consisted of the mothers of children with IDs whose children were educated in exceptional primary schools in Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year of 2018–2019. The total sample size, based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) Table was measured to be at least 123 individuals; for higher certainty and considering the odds of samples dropout, and predicting non–cooperation, 180 mothers of children with IDs who were referred to learning disability centers for their child's problem were selected by convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria of the study included having a child with ID and a minimum diploma level of education. The exclusion criterion of the study was an unwillingness to cooperate in this study. The necessary data were collected using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006), Life Expectancy Scale (Snyder et al., 1991), and Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Scale (Kiamarsi et al., 1999). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis approaches at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS.
Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between adaptive ER strategies and life expectancy (r=0.65, p<0.001) and resilience (r=0.67, p<0.001). There was also a negative and significant relationship between maladaptive ER strategies and life expectancy (r=–0.60, p<0.001) and resilience (r=–0.56, p<0.001). According to multiple regression results, 42.3% of life expectancy variance was explained by adaptive ER strategies. Furthermore, 36% of the variance in life expectancy was explained by maladaptive ER strategies. Additionally, 44.9% of the variance of resilience was explained by adaptive ER strategies. Eventually, 30.3% of the variance of resilience was explained by maladaptive ER strategies.
Conclusion: Given the importance of ER strategies in predicting life expectancy and resilience in the mothers of children with IDs, special attention to its components is suggested to be paid by the relevant specialists.
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Methods: This was an applied and quasi–experimental research with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of this study included all women who were referred to Tonekabon and Ramsar Social Emergency Services in the spring and summer of 2017. Of the 100 respondents who completed the Life expectancy Questionnaire (Snyder et al., 1991), 60 were selected purposively; of them, 30 were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. The study's inclusion criteria were the age range of 18–45 years, full consent to participate in this research, no mental disorder, and not receiving simultaneous psychological interventions. The exclusion criteria included absence from>2 sessions and dissatisfaction with attending intervention sessions. A Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Snyder et al., 1991) was used to collect the necessary data in the pretest and posttest stages. The intervention was performed in 12 ninety–minute weekly sessions; however, the control group received no intervention. Therapy sessions were a combination of ST, DBT, and CFT. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA).
Results: The collected results indicated that the combination of ST, DBT, and CFT was effective in increasing hope (p<0.001), strategic hope (p<0.001), and overall life expectancy (p<0.001) scores. The effect coefficients of hope, strategic hope, and life expectancy were calculated as 0.32, 0.35, and 0.84, respectively.
Conclusion: The combination of ST, DBT, and CFT improved life expectancy in women. Thus, this type of treatment plan can increase life expectancy in this population.
Volume 12, Issue 0 (4-2022)
Background & Objectives: Academic burnout in university students results from several factors such as socializing in a larger community than school, new rules, different expectations, assignments and projects, high costs and living expenses, family expectations, and a vague plan for future job. In psychology, academic burnout refers to tiredness due to academic demands and requirements and a decrease in the sense of self-efficacy. Various factors can lead to academic burnout, one of which is stress. Stressful situations can reduce levels of academic commitment and satisfaction and impair academic performance. Students experience constant stress due to academic, social, and financial pressures. One factor affecting a person's adaptation to new conditions in the university is the psychological variable of life expectancy. Hope is defined as a positive expectation to achieve a goal and has a supportive role in controlling adverse emotions. So, this study aimed to predict the academic burnout of the final-year undergraduate students in the humanities based on perceived stress and life expectancy.
Methods: The current research is a correlational study. The statistical population comprised the final-year undergraduate humanities students at Tehran Azad University in 2019-2020 academic year. Of whom 220 students were selected by a convenience sampling method. The study data were collected from Academic Burnout Questionnaire (Bruce et al., 2007), Life Expectancy Scale (Snyder et al., 1991), and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and frequency percentage) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression) at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS software version 19.
Results: The results showed a positive and significant correlation between perceived stress and academic burnout (r=0.559, p<0.001). Also, there was a significant negative correlation between life expectancy and academic burnout (r= -0.453, p<0.001). Also, perceived stress (β=0.45, p<0.001) and life expectancy (β=-0.28, p<0.001) could directly predict academic burnout. Adjusted R2 was 0.37, showing that perceived stress and life expectancy predicted 37% of the variance of burnout.
Conclusion: According to the results, by reducing perceived stress and increasing life expectancy, academic burnout among students decreases.
Volume 12, Issue 0 (4-2022)
Background & Objectives: The most common state in the divorce period is the feeling of hopelessness and despair. Hope is a necessary and fundamental part of life that provides the necessary energy to realize goals and dreams. Counselors have used various packages and techniques in trying to resolve the marital conflicts of couples. One of the suggested approaches to couple therapy in recent years is the choice theory, which was created by Glasser. Reality therapy leads people to reality and effective interaction with all aspects of real life. On the other hand, neglecting psychological treatments based on forgiveness and spiritual and moral values in couple therapy has increased marital problems. Very little research has been conducted on the effectiveness of spiritual psychotherapy treatments based on forgiveness and couple therapy based on choice theory on couples or women facing divorce. So, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of couple therapy based on choice theory with spiritual psychotherapy based on forgiveness on the life expectancy of women at risk of divorce.
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a two–stage follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all women who were referred to the Marivan Dispute Resolution Council in the spring of 2021. Among these couples, 60 eligible women volunteered to enter the study and were randomly divided into experimental (couple therapy based on choice theory and spiritual psychotherapy based on forgiveness) and control groups (each group was 20 persons). The inclusion criteria were as follows: women with at least fifth–grade education, have a divorce case in court, and are willing to cooperate to receive couples therapy intervention. The exclusion criteria were not following the group rules stated in the first session and absenting more than one session in the intervention sessions. Couples in both groups answered the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Snyder et al., 1991) in four stages of assessment (i.e., pretest, posttest, 1–month follow–up and 3–month follow–up). Couple therapy based on choice theory included 9 group couple therapy sessions in 120–min sessions and one session per week, over a period of 3 months. Forgiveness–based spiritual psychotherapy was performed in nine 60–min sessions. Descriptive statistics methods including mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution were used to describe the data. For inferential statistics, the analysis of variance with repeated measurements, the Chi–square test to compare the demographic characteristics of groups and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the effectiveness in different stages of measurement. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 23. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the effect of the measurement time (p<0.001), the effect of interaction between the measurement time and the group (p<0.001), and the effect of the group (p<0.001) on the mean scores of the life expectancy variable were significant. The mean scores of the life expectancy variable in the couple therapy group based on the choice theory and the spiritual psychotherapy group based on forgiveness were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001). The mean scores of the life expectancy variable in the couple therapy group based on the choice theory were significantly higher than the spiritual psychotherapy based on forgiveness (p<0.001). In the two experimental groups, there were significant differences in the average scores of the life expectancy variable between the pretest and posttest stages (p<0.001), between the pretest with 1–month follow–up (p<0.001) and 3–month follow–up stages (p<0.001). Also, significant differences were observed in the mean scores of the life expectancy variable between the posttest with 1–month follow–up (p=0.004) and 3–month follow–up stages (p<0.001) and between the 1–month follow–up and 3–month follow–up stages (p=0.004).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the couple therapy group based on choice theory has a greater effect on increasing the life expectancy of women facing divorce compared to spiritual psychotherapy based on forgiveness.
Volume 13, Issue 0 (4-2023)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a chronic and debilitating disease, affects different aspects of a person's life. Besides the physical aspects of this disease, patients diagnosed with AIDS, are faced with psycho–emotional stresses, such as anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, impaired daily functioning, psychosocial stress, and psycho–existential stress. Most patients report low life expectancy, often accompanied by more physical and mental problems. Psychological well–being and psychological flexibility are two other important factors in the life of patients with chronic disorders. One of the modern treatments drawing therapists' attention in the last decade is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ACT in improving psychological well–being, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV–infected individuals.
Methods: The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of women and men suffering from AIDS with an active file in Tehran Blood Transfusion Organization in 2018 and were eligible to enter the study. The inclusion criteria were having an active file as an HIV patient, having an age range of 18–45 years, lacking history of psychiatric disorders, not using psychiatric drugs, not undergoing psychological treatment in the past six months, and not being a drug or alcohol addict. On the other hand, patients skipping more than two treatment sessions were excluded. Thirty–four cases were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of acceptance and commitment therapy (n=17) and control (n=17). While conducting the research, two people from the intervention group and two from the control group were excluded due to their unwillingness to continue the sessions and the absence of more than two sessions. Finally, the data obtained from 30 subjects were analyzed. The participants were evaluated at three intervals: before the intervention, after the intervention, and follow–up (three months after the intervention). Participants were assessed with the Psychological Well–being Scale (Ryff, 1995), Life Expectancy Scale (Schneider et al., 1991), and Acceptance and Action–II Questionnaire (Bond et al., 2011). To analyze the data, in addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage), an analysis of variance and repeated measures were performed. For comparing qualitative variables (i.e., education and marital status) between the groups, the Chi–square test used SPSS version 20 for data analysis. The significance level of statistical tests was 0.05.
Results: The results showed significant differences between the scores of the stages (pretest, posttest, and follow–up) in the two groups (intervention and control) in the variables of life expectancy, psychological flexibility, and psychological well–being (p<0.001). A significant difference was observed in the variables of life expectancy and psychological flexibility, and psychological well–being between the three time points (p<0.001). Also, the general examination of the difference between the two groups showed a significant difference between the groups in the variables of psychological well–being (p<0.001), life expectancy (p<0.001), and psychological flexibility (p=0.029).
Conclusion: Based on the study results, ACT improves psychological well–being, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV–infected individuals. Therefore, therapists are recommended to utilize this treatment method to mitigate the psychological problems of these patients.
Volume 14, Issue 0 (4-2024)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Aging is a natural process of change that affects a person's social and psychological status and brings about new developments. Life expectancy is one of the factors closely associated with getting older. Because the presence of psychological symptoms, such as low life expectancy, in addition to imposing high costs on the health care system, results in poor treatment outcomes. Timely diagnosis and treatment of psychological symptoms in older people increased recovery, longer maintenance on other treatments, and improved overall quality of life. Consequently, psychological therapy can assist older adults in recovering from their individual, societal, and economic impairments. Logotherapy is one of these psychological procedures that assists clients in discovering the purpose of their lives. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is another subgroup of third–wave psychotherapy that can lessen some of the secondary effects of aging by increasing the life expectancy of older adults. The present study was done to compare the effects of logotherapy and ACT on the life expectancy of older adults.
Methods: This research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. In the first six months of 2021, all elderly residents referred to the municipality's health homes in Tehran City, Iran, were included in the statistical population. Of whom, 45 qualified participants entered the study by the available sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (each group with 15 people). In this way, by announcing the call for 3 weeks, eligible older people were registered to enter the research (76 people). Then, the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Schneider et al., 1991) was implemented as a data collection tool. Next, 45 older adults who scored lower than average in the questionnaire (average score=36) were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having at least 60 years and at most 75 years, having a level of literacy in reading and writing, appropriate listening and speaking ability, lacking a history of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital, and providing informed consent to participate in research. The exclusion criteria included missing two or more intervention sessions and withdrawing from the study. In the current study, the intervention method of logotherapy (Frankl, 1967) was employed in ten 75– to 90–minute sessions for the first experimental group. In the second experimental group, ACT (Hayes, 2004) was used in eight sessions of 75–90 minutes. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using the Chi–square test, analysis of variance, univariate analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS statistical software version 23 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the difference in the average scores of total life expectancy (p<0.001) and components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.018) in the posttest after controlling the pretest scores in the three groups was significant. The total scores of life expectancy (p = 0.009) and hope component (p=0.032) significantly differed between the experimental groups. Only logotherapy training had a significant effect on the total scores of life expectancy (p<0.001) components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.005) compared to the control group. However, the ACT did not have a significant effect on life expectancy (p=0.213) and factors of functional hope (p=0.172) and strategic hope (p=0.142) compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, logotherapy is more effective in older people's life expectancy than acceptance and commitment therapy, and this therapeutic approach can be an effective intervention method for the life expectancy of older people.
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