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Volume 0, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Autism spectrum disorder is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood that causes a lot of pressure and psychological tension in the family. Autism spectrum disorder directly and indirectly affects family members. This disorder can cause problems in various areas of communication, social behavior, and health for the family. The mothers of these children face different challenges that expose them to negative psychological and emotional consequences. Research evidence shows that mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities experience a higher rate of mental health problems compared to other mothers. The mental health of mothers with autistic children is crucial because it affects their ability to adapt to the presence of a disabled child in the family. Some evidence suggests that not all mothers have an equal influence. In other words, the ability of mothers to successfully respond to the problems of their children with autism is significantly different. Effective factors in families' resistance to stressful factors, including moderating factors such as resilience and the ability to withstand distress, should be considered. The present study aimed to assess the impact of logotherapy on the resilience and distress tolerance of mothers with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
Methods:
This study utilized a semi-experimental approach with a pre-test-post-test design involving both experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the Research consisted of all mothers with children aged 3-15 years with autism spectrum disorder in Babol city who were under the supervision of the welfare department of that city. With the available sampling method, 30 eligible people were assigned randomly to two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. Entry and exit criteria were considered. The tools used in the Research included a resilience scale (Connor and Davidson, 2003) and a distress tolerance questionnaire (Simons and Gaher, 2005). The reliability of the resilience scale was determined. the help of Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.87. The reliability alpha coefficient of the scale is 0.89 and the validity of the scale is 0.41 to 0.64 using the correlation method of each item with the total category score. The alpha coefficient for the whole distress tolerance scale is 0.82. In Iran, the Cronbach's alpha of this questionnaire was reported as 0.67 and the test-retest reliability coefficient for the entire scale was reported as 0.81. Data analysis was done using analysis of covariance in SPSS version 18 software(α=0/05).
Results:
The findings of the research showed that after removing the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference in the resilience variable between the two experimental and control groups in the post-test; Therefore, meaning therapy was effective on the resilience of mothers with autistic children, and considering the eta square, it can be said that 63% of these changes in mothers' resilience were due to the intervention and meaning therapy program. .(p>0/05).Also, the results showed that after removing the pre-test, there was a significant difference in the distress tolerance variable between the two experimental and control groups in the post-test; Therefore, meaning therapy was effective on the distress tolerance of mothers with autistic children, and considering the eta square, it can be said that 76% of these changes in mothers' distress tolerance were due to the intervention and meaning therapy program. The statistical power of 0.99 shows that the sample size was sufficient to investigate this hypothesis)p>0/05(.
Conclusion:
In general, it can be said that with logotherapy training, the resilience and distress tolerance of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder increases. Therefore, it is suggested that experts, along with other counseling methods, also take help from this educational program in counseling parents.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (4-2012)
Objective:This study was aimed to examine the effects of "group logotherapy" on reducing the degree of depression between olds.
Materials & Methods:The experimental design: pre-post test with control group was used in this study. The population was the female olds of the "house of the oldsters". The samples were selected by means of Beck inventory of depression. Then 20 persons were selected randomly. Then they were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was then exposed to 8 sections of group logotherapy. By ending the therapeutic period, both groups were examined by means of the mentioned inventory. Covariance analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and the test for its meaningfulness were calculated for analyzing the raw data.
Results: This finding showed that logotherapy has statistically meaningful effect on curing depression (P<0.01) and the scores of depression in experimental group decreased (from 20.8 in pretest to 12.6 in posttest).
Conclusion: Group logotherapy has considerable effect on curing depression between olds. Therefore it is necessary to pay more attention to nondrug treatments –which are helpful for curing depression between olds.
Volume 8, Issue 0 (4-2018)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Obsessive beliefs as disturbing thoughts in the mind have a destructive effect on psychological and behavioral balance. Of the major problems that obsessive individuals face, it is a low resilience; psychologically, resilient or invulnerable, that is, the ability of some individuals to overcome what is severely threatening their growth. On the other hand, in this research, we try to reduce obsession and increase the resilience with the use of psychometric approach. Although there is evidence of the effect of allegory on resonance, in Iran, however, there has not yet been a study titled "The Effect of Logical Therapy on the Reduction of Obsessive Beliefs and Increasing Perseverance." Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of group therapy on reduction of obsessive-compulsive beliefs and increased resiliency in women.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control and experimental group. The ISAR of the Obsessive-Verbal Beliefs-OBQ 44 tests and the Conner-Davidson Consolidation Scale (CD-RISC). The statistical population consisted of all women in Tehran who were selected through a population sampling method of twenty women who scored higher scores on this scale of obsessive beliefs. To obtain information from a community of mothers of the students, an educational complex was used in Tehran's 3rd District. The questionnaire of obsessive-compulsive beliefs was given to one hundred people aged between 30 and 45 years old. Twenty people who scored higher scores on this scale were selected as samples. The criterion for entering the community was only the scale of obsessive beliefs. After selecting the sample, the resilience scale was also performed as a second variable (another pre-test) on the sample. Then, 10 people in the experimental group and 10 in the control group were randomly assigned. In the interval between pre-test and post-test, the training group underwent a group of 10 sessions of semantic therapy. Post-extraction research data were analyzed by repeated measurements analysis using SPSS software.
Results: To analyze the variance for repeated measures, we examined the assumptions of this test. Shapiro Wilk test was used to check the normal scores. The results showed that the distribution of data is normal. Levin's findings also showed that the homogeneous assumption of covariance of data and the slope of regression is established. The results of Mocheli's test also showed that there is no spheroidal assumption, and therefore we can use the result of in-group tests with moderate degrees of freedom and the Hove-Felt correction. The mean of the irradiation variables for the control group in the pretest was 67.33, in the post-test, 66.22 and in the follow-up period, was 67.66, and for the experimental group in the pretest, 68.22, in the post-test, 82.77,and the follow up was 78.22. The mean of obsessive-compulsive beliefs in the control group was 198.00 in the pretest, 184.44 in the post test and 193.11 in the follow-up phase, and for the experimental group in the pretest 213.22, in the post-test 122.55 and in the stage the follow up was 124.22. Also, the results showed that the f value in the obsessive-compulsive belief variable was significant at α=0.05, and considering that the mean of the experimental group in the obsessive-compulsive belief variable was lower than that of the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages, then the group's Logotherapy The reduction of obsessive-compulsive beliefs and its components, which included accountability from risk assessment, perfectionism versus the need for assurance, and the importance of thinking toward control of behavior, was effective (p<0.001). Also, the findings showed that the value of f in the resiliency variable was significant at the level of α=0.05, and considering that the mean of the experimental group in the resiliency variable was increased in comparison with the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages; therefore, A group is effective in increasing the resiliency (p<0.001).
Conclusion: This research investigated effect of logotherapy on obsessive beliefs and resilience in women. The result suggested improvement on component of resilience in the experimental group, namely perfectionism/certainty (PC), responsibility and the overestimation of threat (RT) and importance/thought control (ICT). Thus the treatment method is suggested to increase resilience.
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest–follow–up and a control group design. The statistical population of the present study included female undergraduate students who were referred to Omidmehr Counseling Center in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. The study participants were recruited by a call. In total, 60 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method and divided into 4 age–matched groups; MBT, Logotherapy, BAT, and control (n=15/group). The inclusion criteria of the study were obtaining a score higher than the cut–off line (>5) on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989) and a score of >17 on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961); no chronic bio psychological illnesses, not abusing drugs and alcohol (clinical tests were conducted on very suspicious cases); not using antidepressants (medical records were reviewed), and not receiving concurrent psychological interventions (the records of suspicious cases were reviewed). The exclusion criteria of the study included absence from one–third of intervention sessions, as well as encountering a particular crisis or failure to meet the inclusion criteria of the research during th received 8 sessions of MBT per Wolf and Serpa’s intervention protocol (2015); 10 sessions of Logotherapy based on Hutzell’s intervention protocol (2002), and 10 sessions of BAT per the intervention protocol of Lejuez and associates (2011). However, the control group received no e intervention sessions. The study participants completed the PSQI and BDI at pretest, posttest, and follow–up stages. The experimental groups intervention. The obtained data were analyzed using repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni posthoc test in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The present study data suggested the significant effect of an intervention in the experimental group on sleep quality (p<0.001). Accordingly, at least one of the provided interventions affected the sleep quality of the explored depressed students. The effect of time was also significant on sleep quality (p<0.001). Thus, the presented intervention altered the posttest and follow–up scores of the study subjects, compared to the pretest phase. The interaction of time and group was significant for sleep quality (p<0.001). Additionally, repeated–measures ANOVA data concerning the effect of the group demonstrated a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups (p<0.001). Bonferroni posthoc test data indicated a significant difference between MBT, Logo therapy, and BAT groups and the controls (p<0.001). There existed no significant difference between the three treatment groups in this respect (p=1.000). Bonferroni test data indicated a difference between the pretest and posttest mean scores (p<0.001) as well as pretest and follow–up values (p<0.001) for sleep quality; such findings highlighted the positive effects of the provided interventions and the continuation of such impacts until the follow–up stage (p=1.000).
Conclusion: The present study results revealed that all presented approaches, including MBT, Logotherapy, and BAT, each targeting a dimension of depression, were effective on the sleep quality of depressed females and improved the relevant symptoms in them.
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The study population consisted of individuals with SD referring to the Nico Salamat Addiction Treatment Clinic in Ghorveh City, Iran, in 2018. The sample size comprised of 90 individuals with SD who were selected by systematic sampling method. Accordingly, 24 subjects were randomly placed in the experimental and control groups (n=12/group). The inclusion criteria of the study were as follows: an age range of 23–42 years; consent to participate in treatment sessions; presenting SD; having a record in the Nico Salamat Addiction Treatment Clinic; a minimum education of middle school, and a minimum attendance of ≥1 month in the relevant clinic. The exclusion criteria of the study included having a disorder or other illnesses; being treated for an illness; concurrent participation in other treatment programs; unwillingness to attend meetings; low level of education, and inability to write homework. To collect the required data, we used the Couple Burnout Scale (Pines, 1996), Marital Intimacy Scale (Walker & Thompson, 1983), and Self–Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The experimental group received 11 sessions of group LT according to Hutzell’s LT package (2002); however, the controls received no intervention. Mean and standard deviation was used to describe the research variables. Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used in SPSS at a significance level of 0.05 to analyze the obtained data.
Results: The current research results suggested that the mean posttest scores of self–compassion and marital intimacy in the experimental group were significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.001). Besides, the mean posttest couple burnout scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the controls (p<0.001). Moreover, the effect size for couple burnout, self–esteem, and marital disinfection was calculated as 0.68, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively.
Conclusion: According to collected results, group LT was effective in reducing couple burnout and increasing self–compassion and intimacy in individuals with SD.
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The study population included all girls who escaped and had bad caregivers, covered by the State Welfare care centers in Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. Using the simple random sampling method, 60 eligible individuals (inclusion criteria: having no psychological problems, having basic literacy to answer the questionnaires; exclusion criterion: unwillingness to participate in the research plan) were selected and randomly assigned into 3 study groups (logotherapy, ACT, & control; n=20/group). The logotherapy group received the training package of Schulenberg et al. (2010) in eight 90–minute sessions. The ACT group received therapy based on the training package of Hyes and Strosahl (2004) in ten 90–minute sessions. The control group received no intervention. To collect the necessary data in the pretest and posttest steps, the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD–RISC) was used. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics, including univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), Chi–squared test, Independent Samples t–test, and Bonferroni post hoc test were applied in SPSS. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.01.
Results: The current research results indicated that logotherapy (p<0.001) and ACT (p<0.001) increased resilience in the experimental groups, compared to the controls. Additionally, the mean posttest scores were compared by the Bonferroni post hoc test; the relevant data suggested no significant difference between the mean scores of logotherapy and ACT groups (p=0.082).
Conclusion: The obtained findings indicated that both provided interventions, due to their treatment processes and techniques, significantly improved resilience among the examined females.
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Methods: This was a quasi–experimental study with a multi–group pretest–posttest design. The study statistical population was all escapee and bad caregivers’ girls in the SWO centers in Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. Using the simple random sampling method, 60 eligible individuals (inclusion criteria: no psychological problems, basic literacy to complete the questionnaires; exclusion criterion: unwillingness to participate in the research) were selected and randomly assigned into 3 study groups (logotherapy, ACT, & control; n=20/group). To collect the required data, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Argyle et al., 1989) was used. The logotherapy group received eight 90–minute weekly sessions based on the package of logotherapy of Schulenberg et al. (2010); the ACT group underwent ten 90–minute weekly sessions per the package of Hayes and Strosahl (2004). However, the control group received no intervention. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics, including Chi–squares test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS at a significance level of 0.01.
Results: The obtained results revealed a significant difference between the logotherapy, ACT, and control groups on happiness (p<0.001); the related effect size was measured as 0.828. Thus, logotherapy and ACT increased happiness in the experimental groups, compared to the control group. Furthermore, the difference between the mean scores of happiness of the control and the logotherapy groups (p<0.001), the control and the ACT groups (p<0.001), and the logotherapy and the ACT groups (p<0.001) was significant.
Conclusion: According to the current research findings, ACT and logotherapy impacted happiness in the study samples; however, the effectiveness of logotherapy was significantly greater than that of ACT in this respect.
Volume 12, Issue 0 (4-2022)
Background & Objectives: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by high blood pressure, glucose intolerance, high triglycerides, and high–density lipoprotein. The syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is associated with sedentary behaviors and is one of the most common diseases, especially among women. Overweight and obesity are the major determinants of metabolic syndrome. Treatment options include lifestyle modification, psychotherapy, and drug therapy. At present, no surgical intervention has been accepted for metabolic syndrome. Logotherapy, among other methods, is the one that provides an excellent philosophical and theoretical field for teamwork. This therapy can be used for intervention purposes in the best situation. Since logotherapy affects the quality of life and public health, we aimed to find whether logotherapy is effective in the reduction of sedentary behavior among female patients with metabolic syndrome.
Methods: This quasi–experimental study has a pretest–posttest and a two–month follow–up design with a control group. The study's statistical population included all women aged 25–60 years with metabolic syndrome referring to Semnan clinics, Semnan City, Iran. The study was conducted from March to September 2018. The study sample consisted of 30 women selected through the available sampling method. They were matched and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups (each group with 15 persons). The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a minimum diploma and maximum bachelor's degree, being 25 to 60 years old, having been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome based on tests and the doctor's opinion in the patient's medical file, being able to answer questions, not attending other educational and therapeutic classes. The exclusion criteria were as follows: having disabilities and diseases related to motor behaviors, having physiological problems of arthritic joints and obesity, attending physiotherapy, and participating in sports clubs. For the experimental group, logotherapy training was provided in ten 90–min sessions twice a week. The control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection tool in the pretest, posttest, and follow–up for two groups was the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (Rosenberg et al., 2010). The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test, two–sample independent t test, and the Chi–square test) in SPSS software version 22. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.
Results: Results showed a significant difference between the groups regarding the intra–group, inter–group, and time effect comparisons (p=0.001). The experimental and control groups, regardless of the test time (the cumulative mean scores of the posttest and follow–up), had a significant difference regarding the sedentary behavior at the beginning and the end of the week (p=0.001). Also, the mean posttest scores of the two groups were not significantly different from the mean follow–up test scores of both groups (the cumulative mean posttest scores of the two groups with their cumulative mean follow–up scores) in the sedentary behaviors at the beginning of the week (p=0.425) and the end of the week (p=0.302). There were significant differences between the two groups in the posttest (p=0.019) and follow–up (p=0.019) regarding the sedentary behavior at the beginning of the week. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the posttest (p=0.009) and follow–up (p=0.001) regarding the sedentary behavior at the end of the week. Besides, in the experimental group, comparing the posttest with the follow–up scores regarding the sedentary behavior at the beginning of the week (p=0.381) and the end of the week (p=0.476) showed that the follow–up scores were not significantly different from the posttest scores, indicating the sustained effect of the intervention up to the follow–up phase.
Conclusion: Based on the results, logotherapy can reduce sedentary behavior by creating a purpose and meaning for female patients with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this intervention is recommended for people with sedentary behavior.
Volume 13, Issue 0 (4-2023)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The pandemic of COVID–19 disease and the implementation of preventive policies have greatly impacted society from a psychological and physical point of view. Accordingly, the general wellbeing of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was affected during this period. In other words, the mental health of multiple sclerosis patients has declined due to the daily stresses of this disease, frequent visits to hospital centers, and economic problems caused by this disease. The wellbeing and quality of life of MS patients significantly decreases compared to normal people and limits their functions. In treating MS, it seems logical to use non–non-pharmacological methods that can reduce the problems and improve the quality of life of these patients. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the logotherapy approach and education based on acceptance and commitment to the general wellbeing of patients with MS.
Methods: The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included all patients with MS at the Raad Mehrabani Charitable Institute in Arak City, Iran, in 2021. A total of 45 patients were included in the study with available sampling and then were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 15, including two experimental groups, logotherapy and commitment and acceptance therapy group, and one control group. The experimental groups received logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for 14 sessions of 45 minutes. The inclusion criteria were as follows: suffering from primary progressive MS, female gender, age range from 20 to 50 years, sufficient reading and writing literacy to complete the questionnaires, participation in training sessions, participants' willingness and written consent, not suffering from psychological disorders and chronic physical diseases, not participating in other counseling and therapy groups at the same time (based on the participant's medical record and self–report). The exclusion criteria were as follows: the absence of more than two sessions in the treatment protocol, not having enough trust in the group, unwillingness to continue cooperation, not doing the tasks included in the treatment protocol, and not completing the questionnaire. The measurement tool in this research was the General Wellbeing Scale (Dupuy, 1978). To statistically analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods were used. For descriptive data analysis, percentage, frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used. For inferential analysis of data, 1–way analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used in SPSS version 23. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.
Results: After adjusting for the pretest effect, there was a significant difference between the average scores of the experimental groups and the control group in the posttest in the general wellbeing variable (p<0.001). Also, the eta square value indicated that 53.7% of the changes in the scores of the groups in the general wellbeing variable (difference between the groups in the posttest) was due to the implementation of the independent variable (logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy). Both intervention of logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy significantly affected general wellbeing in patients with MS compared to the control group (p<0.001). Regarding the effectiveness of the two treatment methods, there was a statistically significant difference in the general wellbeing variable between the groups of logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the research findings, both logotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy effectively improve the general wellbeing of patients with MS. However, in terms of comparison, acceptance and commitment therapy is significantly more effective than logotherapy.
Volume 14, Issue 0 (4-2024)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Aging is a natural process of change that affects a person's social and psychological status and brings about new developments. Life expectancy is one of the factors closely associated with getting older. Because the presence of psychological symptoms, such as low life expectancy, in addition to imposing high costs on the health care system, results in poor treatment outcomes. Timely diagnosis and treatment of psychological symptoms in older people increased recovery, longer maintenance on other treatments, and improved overall quality of life. Consequently, psychological therapy can assist older adults in recovering from their individual, societal, and economic impairments. Logotherapy is one of these psychological procedures that assists clients in discovering the purpose of their lives. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is another subgroup of third–wave psychotherapy that can lessen some of the secondary effects of aging by increasing the life expectancy of older adults. The present study was done to compare the effects of logotherapy and ACT on the life expectancy of older adults.
Methods: This research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. In the first six months of 2021, all elderly residents referred to the municipality's health homes in Tehran City, Iran, were included in the statistical population. Of whom, 45 qualified participants entered the study by the available sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (each group with 15 people). In this way, by announcing the call for 3 weeks, eligible older people were registered to enter the research (76 people). Then, the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Schneider et al., 1991) was implemented as a data collection tool. Next, 45 older adults who scored lower than average in the questionnaire (average score=36) were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having at least 60 years and at most 75 years, having a level of literacy in reading and writing, appropriate listening and speaking ability, lacking a history of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital, and providing informed consent to participate in research. The exclusion criteria included missing two or more intervention sessions and withdrawing from the study. In the current study, the intervention method of logotherapy (Frankl, 1967) was employed in ten 75– to 90–minute sessions for the first experimental group. In the second experimental group, ACT (Hayes, 2004) was used in eight sessions of 75–90 minutes. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using the Chi–square test, analysis of variance, univariate analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS statistical software version 23 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the difference in the average scores of total life expectancy (p<0.001) and components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.018) in the posttest after controlling the pretest scores in the three groups was significant. The total scores of life expectancy (p = 0.009) and hope component (p=0.032) significantly differed between the experimental groups. Only logotherapy training had a significant effect on the total scores of life expectancy (p<0.001) components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.005) compared to the control group. However, the ACT did not have a significant effect on life expectancy (p=0.213) and factors of functional hope (p=0.172) and strategic hope (p=0.142) compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, logotherapy is more effective in older people's life expectancy than acceptance and commitment therapy, and this therapeutic approach can be an effective intervention method for the life expectancy of older people.
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