Background and Objective Family life is associated with many dangers which can destroy family life. One of these dangers is marital infidelity, which causes many problems and psychological effects for married people, especially those who have been betrayed. Infidelity can cause a lot of negative feelings for the person who has been hurt, and in many cases can lead to separation and divorce. One of the most important effects of infidelity is the reduction of quality and marital satisfaction, which, if not intervened quickly, may lead to the collapse of marital life. For this reason, appropriate individual and group therapies and counseling should be developed and tested to prevent and treat the effects of infidelity, and the best treatments should be identified and widely used in terms of effectiveness, duration of treatment, and long-term effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and emotion-focused therapy on women affected by infidelity with six-month follow-up.

Methods: The research design in this study was quasi-experimental with two experimental groups and one control group. Also, The statistical community consisting of all married women who were betrayed by their husbands and referred to counseling centers of the Behzisty organization of Tehran 1397. The sample consisted of 45 clients and was selected with randomal cluster method. The sample members were then randomly assigned to three groups (experiment 1, experiment 2, control). Each group consisted of 15 people. The experimental groups (emotion-focused therapy and reality therapy) were intervened for 8 sessions. But the control group did not intervene. The research instruments included marital quality questionnaire (Busby et al., 1995) and Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire (Olson, Fornier, and Drackman, 1989). The two experimental and control groups, before and after the end of the sessions and intervention, responded to the questionnaires and finally compared the marital satisfaction and marital quality scores. subjects responded to the questionnaires again after six months. finally the data were analyzed using SPSS-22.

Results: The results of repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that marital satisfaction changes (P <0.001, F = 70.80) and marital quality (P <0.001, F = 51.51) in the three stages of the test, so Testing and tracking differ significantly over at least two time stages. The results also show that between the three groups studied, at least in two groups, their mean in the variable of marital satisfaction (P <0.001, F = 57.30) and the marital quality (P <0.001, F =33.10) There was  a significant difference.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: In today's world, the inability to recognize emotions and lack of emotional expression in marital relationships can be called one of the causes of marital disputes. The effect of psychological approaches on emotional expression can reduce couples’ differences and overshadow the health of the individual, family, and society. Reality therapy is one of the approaches that relies on concepts such as choice, control, and responsibility, and is effective in people's control and coping strategies. Another effective approach to couple communication is imagotherapy or communication imagery. In communication imagery, the unconscious is guided to improve one's wholeness by rekindling the communication, both individual and interpersonal, that was broken by failure in childhood. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of two approaches to reality, therapy and communication imaging on the emotional expression of women seeking a divorce in Hamadan City, Iran.
Methods: The present study was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design and a 3–month follow–up with a control group. The statistical population included all women seeking divorce in Hamadan in 2019. In this study, among the eligible volunteers, based on the inclusion criteria, 30 people entered the study in an accessible manner and were randomly organized into three groups of 10 experimental (reality therapy, and imago therapy) and control. The inclusion criteria were aged 20 to 50 years of volunteers and not using any counseling and psychological services. In this study, the exclusion criterion was having more than two absences for the participants in the study. Reality therapy sessions were performed in 8 sessions for 90 minutes  and in the imago therapy approach 10 sessions were performed for 60 minutes.. The sessions were performed twice a week. The Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (EEQ) (King and Emmons, 1990) as a pretest was administered at the beginning of the first session and after the full implementation of the treatment intervention as a posttest and after three months for follow–up for all three groups.
Data description was done through central and dispersion indicators such as mean and standard deviation. The data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance and one–way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test by SPSS version 20 software and probability values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results: The results showed that the findings showed a significant difference between reality therapy and the control group for the variables of emotional expression (p<0.001), expression of positive emotion (p<0.001), expression of intimacy (p<0.001), and expression of negative emotion (p= 0.023). The results also showed a significant difference in communication imagery with the control group for the variables of positive emotion expression (p= 0.041), and intimacy expression (p= 0.005). In the experimental groups, there was no significant difference in the results of the posttest and follow–up stages in the variables of emotional expression, positive emotion expression and intimacy, which indicated the persistence of the effect of interventions in the follow–up stage (p>0.05). There was a significant difference in the variable of expressing intimacy (p = 0.039).
Conclusion: Based on the research findings, reality therapy is effective on emotional expression and its components (intimacy, positive emotional expression and negative emotional expression). While communication imagery only affects two variables of positive emotionl expression and intimacy; Therefore, reality therapy is more effective in increasing emotional expression than communication imagery.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Spinal cord injury involves damage to the spinal cord that results in temporary or permanent changes in movement, senses, and or the autonomic functioning of the spinal cord. Compared to the general public, patients with spinal cord injury face significant restrictions in various psychological aspects. Given the problems of these patients, the question is which psychological characteristics may play a role in the mental health and resiliency of these patients. In this regard, ego strength and integrative self–knowledge can be mentioned. As an answer to these patients’ need for improving their psychological capabilities, paradox therapy can be a helpful method. Another therapeutic method that can be useful in improving the psychological state of the patients is reality therapy. Accordingly, the main objective of the current study is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of paradox therapy and reality therapy on the levels of ego strength and integrative self–knowledge in female patients suffering from spinal cord injury.
Method: The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a follow–up design with a control group. Using random assignment, the subjects were placed in the experimental (paradox therapy and reality therapy) and control groups. The study population comprised 20–40 years old female patients with spinal cord injury, who were members of the Spinal Cord Injury Association of Tehran Province, Iran in 2019. The sample included 45 female patients with spinal cord injury being treated in occupational therapy centers, and willing to participate in the study. The participants were selected based on a voluntary non–random sampling method. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a female gender, being single, being between 20 and 40 years old, living in Tehran, passing between 5 and 10 years since their spinal cord injury, not participating in psychotherapy at the same time as research, having paraplegic paralysis or two lower limbs with optimal functioning of the upper limbs, either because of the low severity of the injury or because of receiving rehabilitation. The exclusion criteria were as follows: having a history of psychotic diseases and hospitalization in a mental hospital, experiencing the death of first–degree relatives in six months leading to the beginning of interventions, having chronic diseases, being absent of more than two sessions in intervention groups. The Ego Strength Scale (Besharat, 2007) and the Integrative Self–Knowledge Scale (Ghorbani et al., 2003) were utilized in the study. The statistical analysis was performed at the level of descriptive and inferential statistics based on parametric statistical tests. Regarding the inferential analysis, we used 1–way analysis of variance (one–way ANOVA), the Chi–squared test, and ANOVA with repeated measures were used. Moreover, Cohen’s d was used for comparing the effects of target treatments. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.
Results: There were significant group (p=0.011), time (p<0.001), and time × treatment effects (p<0.001) for both ego strength and self–knowledge. Post hoc analysis of simple main effects indicated no significant changes in ego strength and self–knowledge for the control group (p>0.05). Compared to the pretest strage, ego strength and self–knowledge for paradox therapy group (p<0.001) and reality therapy group (p<0.001) showed a significant increase in both posttest and follow–up stages. Additionally, compared to the pretest condition, the effect sizes of both treatment plans were almost the same for ego strength (Cohen’s d=2.6), while the effect size of reality therapy (Cohen’s d=2.37) was higher in the follow–up stage than of paradox therapy (Cohen’s d=1.35). In contrast, the effect size of paradox therapy on self–knowledge was quite higher in both posttest (Cohen’s d=1.94) and follow–up (Cohen’s d=2.10) stages than those of reality therapy (Cohen’s d=0.84 in the posttest and Cohen’s d=0.72 in the follow–up).
Conclusions: Paradox therapy and reality therapy are effective in improving deep psychological characteristics of 20–40 years old women with spinal cord injury, i.e., ego strength and integrative self–knowledge. The role of paradox therapy in improving the integrative self–knowledge of patients must be carefully considered by providers of behavioral interventions.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: According to the American Psychiatric Association, developmental disabilities are a group of disabilities related to the developmental stages of childhood that occur with varying degrees of severity at birth. Given the prevalence of psychological distress among mothers with children with developmental disabilities and its negative effects on their individual and family functioning, it seems that providing psychological services in the form of treatment strategies such as reality therapy can regulate emotion, interpersonal relationships, and the psychological well–being of these mothers. Also, as the literature review showed, the effect of the mentioned intervention on the research variables in the target population, as far as the researcher examined, no direct study has been done, and a research vacuum is felt in this field. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of reality therapy programs on psychological well–being, cognitive emotion regulation, and interpersonal relationships of mothers of children with developmental disabilities.
Methods: The present study was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all mothers of children with developmental disabilities in Saqez City, Iran, in 2020–2019. Since at least 15 people were recommended for each group in the experimental methods, 30 mothers were selected from the eligible volunteers and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Finally, the experimental group was trained in a reality therapy program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The inclusion criteria were as follows: no history of mental illness and use of psychotropic drugs, no use of psychological interventions and other counseling, no psychotic disorders, dementia and mental retardation, alertness and ability to participate in mindfulness sessions, and ability to speak in Persian. The exclusion criteria included absence for more than two sessions in the treatment protocol and unwillingness to continue cooperating in training sessions. Finally, individuals were assured that all information was confidential and would be used for research purposes. For privacy reasons, participants' first and last names were not registered. The study data were obtained by the Ryff Scale Psychological Well–being (RSPWB, Revised Ryff, 1995), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski, Kraaij, 2006), and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire (PII–32, Barkham, 1996) before and after the reality treatment. The obtained data were analyzed with univariate analyses of covariance in SPSS23. The significance level was considered 0.005.
Results: The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data before the analysis of covariance. The results showed that the assumption of normality was valid for psychological well–being data (p=0.922), interpersonal problems (p=0.782), and cognitive emotion regulation (p=0.686). The results of Levene's test for homogeneity of variance of psychological welfare dependent variable (p=0.909), interpersonal problems (p=0.556), and self–cognitive emotion regulation include two subgroups: adapted strategies (p=0.694) and uncompromising solutions (F=0.067, p=0.798). The results of Levene's test showed no significant difference in the variance of the groups, and therefore the assumption of the equality of variance was established. The results of the test assumed the homogeneity of the regression slope in the groups for the variables of psychological well–being (p=0.100), interpersonal problems (p=0.415), and cognitive emotion regulation (p=0.639), which shows that the default. The homogeneity of the regression slope based on the non–significance of the group*pretest interaction is confirmed. Therefore, the regression homogeneity assumption was established, and it can be ensured that the data of this study meet the assumptions underlying the analysis of variance. Also, the results of univariate analysis of covariance on the mean posttest scores of dependent variables with pretest control in the experimental and control groups showed that reality therapy training had a positive and significant effect on cognitive regulation, which increased the compromised strategies (p=0.002) and decreased the uncompromising strategies (p=0.003) in individuals. This treatment also increased psychological well–being (p=0.012) and decreased interpersonal problems in individuals (p=0.002).
Conclusion: In general, the results showed a significant difference between cognitive regulation of emotion, psychological well–being, and interpersonal relationships of mothers of children with developmental disabilities in the experimental and control groups. Therefore, using a reality therapy program alone or combined with other therapies can reduce psychological problems, regulate emotions, and improve mothers' relationships with children with developmental disabilities.

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Anxiety, as an integral part of people's lives, is an unpleasant and widespread feeling and state of concern with an unknown source and is accompanied by physiological and physical symptoms. It becomes a disorder when experienced abstractly and continuously and affects a person's daily functioning. One of the most common anxiety disorders is social anxiety disorder. About 7% of people experience social anxiety disorder during one year, which makes it one of the most common mental disorders. This disorder limits the quality and lifestyle of a person with social anxiety. It affects essential decisions in the person's life and, in most cases, causes the loss of many vital opportunities, especially for students. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy, relaxation, and cognitive–emotional regulation strategies on social anxiety and its symptoms among university students with social anxiety.
Methods: This quasi–experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The independent variable in this study was treatment with three methods (virtual reality therapy, relaxation, cognitive–emotional regulation), and the dependent variable was the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. The statistical population of the present study included all undergraduate students of Mazandaran University, Iran, in the academic year of 2019–20. Of these students, 48 samples were selected and randomly divided into four groups: virtual reality therapy (12 people), relaxation (12 people), cognitive–emotional regulation strategies (12 people), and control (12 people). The inclusion criteria were as follows: being a student at the undergraduate level of Mazandaran University, having social anxiety based on DSM–5 diagnostic criteria found on a structured diagnostic interview, and providing informed consent to participate in the research. Non–cooperation during the experiment and absence in the treatment sessions were considered the exclusion criteria. We used the Structured Clinical Interview (Mennin et al., 2002) and the Social Anxiety Scale (Liebowitz, 1987) to collect the study data. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate covariance (ANCOVA) were used in SPSS software version 21. The hypotheses were tested at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The findings showed that virtual reality, relaxation, and cognitive strategies of emotional regulation therapies were effective in reducing social anxiety and its symptoms (anxiety and avoidance) in students with social anxiety (p<0.001). Also, virtual reality therapy and emotional regulation cognitive strategies therapy were more effective than relaxation therapy in reducing social anxiety subscales (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Virtual reality therapy, relaxation therapy, and emotional regulation cognitive strategies are effective treatments to reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Among them, virtual reality therapy and cognitive–emotional regulation strategies are more effective and can be used more.