Designing a Spiritual Dysfunctional Schema Questionnaire and Validating Its Psychometric Properties

Nazari, Mohammad; Ghobari Bonab, Bagher; Bahrainian, Abdolmajid; Haji Alizadeh, Kobra

Volume 12 - Articles-1401 MEJDS (2022) 12: 147 | Back to browse issues page

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

Nazari M, Ghobari Bonab B, Bahrainian A, Haji Alizadeh K. Designing a Spiritual Dysfunctional Schema Questionnaire and Validating Its Psychometric Properties. MEJDS 2022; 12 :147-147
URL: http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-2341-en.html

Designing a Spiritual Dysfunctional Schema Questionnaire and Validating Its Psychometric Properties

Mohammad Nazari¹

, Bagher Ghobari Bonab ^*²

, Abdolmajid Bahrainian³

, Kobra Haji Alizadeh¹

1- Department of Psychology, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University
2- Department of Exceptional Children and General Psychology, University of Tehran
3- Department of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Abstract: (966 Views)

Background & Objectives: One of the fundamental concepts in psychotherapy is dysfunctional spiritual schemas. These schemas confuse and obscure people's relationship with God and destroy transparency. They create problems for the individual in order to adapt to the laws of God, society, and the environment and reduce the individual's adaptation. Dysfunctional spiritual schemas result in failure in doing jobs. Despite extensive search on popular Iranian and foreign websites, no standardized Persian or foreign scale was found to measure dysfunctional spiritual schemas. Considering the importance of a suitable tool for measuring dysfunctional spiritual schemas, we aimed to design a spiritual dysfunctional schema questionnaire and validate its psychometric properties.
Methods: The present research aims to design and validate a study instrument for measuring dysfunctional spiritual schemas. The study population comprised all staff working for Offshore Oil Company in 2019. A total of 200 individuals were selected by the purposive sampling method. The inclusion criteria included lacking a history of psychiatric disorder, not using specific drugs, giving informed consent to participate in the study, having avoidant and anxious attachment styles to God, and lacking physical limitations disrupting personal care. The exclusion criterion was lack of study cooperation. To design the questionnaire items, we reviewed the relevant texts and interviewed the experts and the target population. To check the content validity (content validity index and content validity ratio) and the face validity, 10 final users were used. Then, to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaire, the exploratory factor analysis method was used. To evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach alpha coefficient and test–retest method were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results of the qualitative content validity of the instrument led to the removal of 19 items and revision of 6 items, and finally, a questionnaire with 51 items was prepared. The mean ± SD age of the participants was 45.71±9.45 years. Factor analysis identified ten factors with a specific value of more than one, which together explain 56.75% of the variance. In other words, the dysfunctional spiritual schema questionnaire consisted of ten factors. The results of data analysis showed that the first factor has the highest eigenvalue and the observation of factor loads and factor structure also confirmed this finding. The Cronbach alpha subscales of this questionnaire were as follows: emotional deprivation of God, 0.91; spiritual abandonment, 0.79; spiritual defectiveness and shame, 0.81; spiritual vulnerability, 0.79; spiritual self–immaturity, 0.89; spiritual obedience, 0.76; stubborn spiritual criteria, 0.83; entitlement/spiritual magnanimity, 0.78; negativity/pessimism, 0.85; infidelity and polytheism, 0.82; and total questionnaire, 0.86. To evaluate the instrument's reliability, a correlation coefficient of 0.78 was obtained between two tests with one week interval, indicating the appropriate reliability of the questionnaire. The correlation coefficient subscales of this questionnaire were as follows: emotional deprivation of God, 0.76; spiritual abandonment, 0.7; spiritual defectiveness and shame, 0.71; spiritual vulnerability, 0.71; spiritual self–immaturity, 0.75; spiritual obedience, 0.69; stubborn spiritual criteria, 0.74; entitlement/spiritual magnanimity, 0.68; negativity/pessimism, 0.74; infidelity and polytheism, 0.73; and total questionnaire, 0.78.
Conclusion: According to the study findings, the dysfunctional spiritual schemas questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool, and the components of this questionnaire accurately measure the various dimensions and aspects of dysfunctional spiritual schemas. So, it can be used in research and consulting departments.

Keywords: Validity, Reliability, Factor analysis, Dysfunctional spiritual schemas

Full-Text [PDF 675 kb] (302 Downloads)

Type of Study: Original Research Article | Subject: Psychology

References

1. Mahboobi M, Etemadi M, Khorasani E, Qiyasi M, Afkar A. The relationship between spiritual health and social anxiety in chemical veterans. J Mil Med. 2012;14(3):186–91. [Persian] [Article]

2. Jafari E, Hajloo N, Faghani R, Khazan K. The relationship between spiritual well-being, hardiness, and mental health in the elderly. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2013;10(6):431–40. [Persian] [Article]

3. Bredle JM, Salsman JM, Debb SM, Arnold BJ, Cella D. Spiritual well-being as a component of health-related quality of life: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Religions. 2011;2(1):77–94. [DOI]

4. Rowatt W, Kirkpatrick LA. Two dimensions of attachment to God and their relation to affect, religiosity, and personality constructs. J Sci Stud Rel. 2002;41(4):637–51. [DOI]

5. Gomez R, Fisher JW. Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2003;35(8):1975–91. [DOI]

6. Brun WL. A proposed diagnostic schema for religious/spiritual concerns. J Pastoral Care Counsel. 2005;59(5_suppl):425–40. [DOI]

7. Rahimpour F, Salehi SY, Hosseinian S, Abassian M. Explanation of couples'marital satisfaction based on spiritual intelligence and early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Educarional Administration Research quareterly. 2013;4(15):77–90. [Persian] [Article]

8. Ghobary Bonab B, Haddadi Kuhsar AA, Rashidi A, Javadi S. Relationship among image of God and attachment to God with mental health in parents of exceptional children. Journal of Exceptional Children. 2012;12(3):5–14. [Persian] [Article]

9. Rayner JS. The relationship between patterns of relating and early maladaptive schemas. ProQuest; 2008.

10. Sadeghi M, Mazaheri MA, Malek Agar S. Parents, self, and important others: sources of God image. Journal of Behavioural Sciences. 2008;2(1):83–96. [Persian] [Article]

11. Keshavarz-Afshar H, Ghanbarian E, Jebeli SJ, Saadat SH. The relationship between differentiation of self and early maladaptive schemas with family performance components among the military women residing in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Military Medicine. 2019;20(6):635–44. [Persian] [Article]

12. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: a practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.

13. Orang S, Hashemi Razini H, Abdollahi MH. Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and meaning of life and psychological well-being of the elderly. Salmand. 2017;12(3):326–45. [Persian] [DOI]

14. Ebrahimi ME, Shiripour O, Zamani N, Sahebi A. Prediction of suicide tendency in students based on spirituality, basic needs satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas. Babol Univ Med Sci. 2019;4(1):9–13. [Persian] [Article]

15. Paloutzian RF, Ellison CW. Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. In: Peplau LA, Perlman D; editors. Loneliness: a sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. 1982. p. 224–37.

16. Hawke LD, Provencher MD. Schema theory and schema therapy in mood and anxiety disorders: a review. J Cogn Psychother. 2011;25(4):257–76. [DOI]

17. Beshlideh K. Ravesh haye pazhouhesh va tahlil amari mesal haye pazhouheshi ba SPSS va AMOS [Research methods and statistical analysis of research examples with SPSS and AMOS]. Ahvaz: Shahidchamran University Press; 2017. [Persian]

18. Vahidi Z, Jafari Harandi R. Predicting of psychological well-being from components of psychological capital and spiritual attitude. Positive Psychology Research. 2017;3(2):51–64. [Persian] [Article]

19. Margolin A, Schuman-Olivier Z, Beitel M, Arnold RM, Fulwiler CE, Avants SK. A preliminary study of spiritual self-schema (3-S+) therapy for reducing impulsivity in HIV-positive drug users. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(10):979–99. [DOI]

20. Nasel DD. Spiritual orientation in relation to spiritual intelligence a consideration of traditional Christianity and new ageindividualistic spirituality. University of South Australia; 2004. [Article]