Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies

Abstract
Background & Objectives: Considering many life problems today, research on positive psychology is growing daily. Psychological well-being is a state of mind and the ability to cope with problems and different communication modes in society. Among the positive factors that affect psychological well-being are worry, self-efficacy, distress tolerance, hope, and optimism. Considering that students constitute a considerable part of the country's population and mental health is directly related to all aspects of people's lives, mental health and well-being are necessary for the maintenance and durability of the social, occupational, and academic functions of the people in society. This condition causes improvement and growth and realizes the human character. So, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between worry, self-efficacy, and disturbance tolerance with the psychological well-being of junior and senior high school students with the mediating role of hope and optimism.
Methods: The research method used correlational analysis, which was done using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all senior and junior female and male high school students in the city of Bileh-Swar, Iran, in the academic year 2022-2023. According to the conceptual model of the research and observance of the minimal criteria proposed by Klein (2016), 200 people were selected as the standard sample. The random sampling method was a multi-stage cluster. Data were gathered via the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) (Scheier et al. 1994), the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB) (Ryff, 1989), the Penn State Anxiety Questionnaire (PSWQ) (Meyer et al., 1990), the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simons & Gaher, 2005), the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Snyder et al., 1991), and the Self-Efficacy Scale (Sherer et al., 1982). The Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis using SPSS 24 and AMOS 24. The significance level in all tests was considered 0.05.
Results: The results showed direct paths between worry (p<0.001, β=-0.75), self-efficacy (p<0.001, β=0.44), disturbance tolerance (p<0.001, β=0.61), hope (p<0.001, β=0.75) and optimism (p<0.001, β=0.81) were significant with psychological well-being. The goodness of fit indices supported the good fit of the research model with the collected data (RMSEA=0.071, CFI=0.933, AGFI=0.927, IFI=0.941, GFI=0.932, NFI=0.939, CMIN/df=2.50).
Conclusion: Based on the research findings, worry has a negative and significant effect on psychological well-being, and self-efficacy and disturbance tolerance have a positive and significant effect on psychological well-being. In addition, hope and optimism effectively play a mediating role between worry and self-efficacy and distress tolerance with psychological well-being.