Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies

Abstract
Background & Objectives: The impact of parental divorce on children always has consequences that threaten their lives and future. Adapting to parental divorce is one of the challenges that children of divorce face, and its absence may have adverse consequences for children of divorce and society. One of the damages of divorce on the children of the family is the psychological capital of the children. Psychological capital is a set of resources and internal capital that usually represents a person's positive assessment of the situation and the probability of achieving success based on these resources. Considering the importance of parents' role in children's lives, parent education is sometimes the most effective and common treatment to reduce children's problems. Effective parenting training is one of these kinds of training. This training includes effective parenting training (step by step). Therefore, this research aimed to formulate an efficient parenting model for divorced mothers and determine its effectiveness on the psychological capital of teenagers.
Methods: This quasi–experimental research employed a pretest–posttest design with control and experimental groups. The statistical population of this research included divorced mothers with teenage children who were referred to counseling and psychology centers in Tehran City, Iran. The sample size was determined using the G*Power software so that the study has the necessary power to detect a difference of at least 1 unit in the level of anxiety sensitivity between the experimental and the control groups. Assuming the probability of the first type of error is 5% and the likelihood of the second type of error is 20%, with a standard deviation of 0.9, the number of samples is estimated to be 15 people for each group. Therefore, among the statistical population, 30 qualified volunteers were randomly entered into the study and divided into the experimental and control groups (each group contains 15 people). The inclusion criteria were as follows: being a divorced mother, having a teenage child, bearing at least a diploma level of education, and not participating in other therapeutic interventions at the same time. The exclusion criteria were as follows: absenteeism more than out of three sessions and non–observance of group therapy rules. The implementation method was that after selecting the people of the sample group and before starting the treatment program, the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007) was distributed between both groups. After that, the effective parenting training program for divorced mothers was implemented in the experimental group (a 90–minute session and each session once a week). The control group was not subjected to any treatment program. In the end, the posttest was done again from both groups. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and at the level of inferential statistics, univariate analysis of covariance was used. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 24, and the significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the effect of an efficient parenting model in divorced mothers on the psychological capital components of teenagers, including hope, optimism, resilience, and self–efficacy, was significant (p<0.001). Also, the effect size for the components of hope was 0.64, optimism 0.63, resilience 0.51, and self–efficacy 0.68.
Conclusion: According to the findings, the efficient parenting model for divorced mothers is a suitable method for increasing the psychological capital of their teenagers.